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A Concise History of the ECG: Difference between revisions
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'''1884''' John Burden Sanderson and Frederick Page publish some of their recordings. Burdon Sanderson J, Page FJM. On the electrical phenomena of the excitatory process in the heart of the tortoise, as investigated photographically. J Physiol (London) 1884;4:327-338 | '''1884''' John Burden Sanderson and Frederick Page publish some of their recordings. Burdon Sanderson J, Page FJM. On the electrical phenomena of the excitatory process in the heart of the tortoise, as investigated photographically. J Physiol (London) 1884;4:327-338 | ||
'''1887''' British physiologist Augustus D. Waller of St Mary's Medical School, London publishes the first human electrocardiogram. It is recorded with a capilliary electrometer from Thomas Goswell, a technician in the laboratory. Waller | '''1887''' British physiologist Augustus D. Waller of St Mary's Medical School, London publishes the first human electrocardiogram. It is recorded with a capilliary electrometer from Thomas Goswell, a technician in the laboratory. >cite>Waller</cite> | ||
'''1889''' Dutch physiologist Willem Einthoven sees Waller demonstrate his technique at the First International Congress of Physiologists in Bale. Waller often demonstrated by using his dog "Jimmy" who would patiently stand with paws in glass jars of saline. | '''1889''' Dutch physiologist Willem Einthoven sees Waller demonstrate his technique at the First International Congress of Physiologists in Bale. Waller often demonstrated by using his dog "Jimmy" who would patiently stand with paws in glass jars of saline. | ||
'''1890''' GJ Burch of Oxford devises an arithmetical correction for the observed (sluggish) fluctuations of the electrometer. This allows the true waveform to be seen but only after tedious calculations. Burch | '''1890''' GJ Burch of Oxford devises an arithmetical correction for the observed (sluggish) fluctuations of the electrometer. This allows the true waveform to be seen but only after tedious calculations. <cite>Burch</cite> | ||
'''1891''' British physiologists William Bayliss and Edward Starling of University College London improve the capillary electrometer. They connect the terminals to the right hand and to the skin over the apex beat and show a "triphasic variation accompanying (or rather preceding) each beat of the heart". These deflections are later called P, QRS and T. Bayliss WM, Starling EH. On the electrical variations of the heart in man. Proc Phys Soc (14th November) in J Physiol (London) 1891;13:lviii-lix and also On the electromotive phenomena of the mammalian heart. Proc R Soc Lond 1892;50:211-214 They also demonstrate a delay of about 0.13 seconds between atrial stimulation and ventricular depolarisation (later called PR interval). On the electromotive phenomena of the mammalian heart. Proc Phys Soc (21st March) in J Physiol (London) 1891;12:xx-xxi | '''1891''' British physiologists William Bayliss and Edward Starling of University College London improve the capillary electrometer. They connect the terminals to the right hand and to the skin over the apex beat and show a "triphasic variation accompanying (or rather preceding) each beat of the heart". These deflections are later called P, QRS and T. Bayliss WM, Starling EH. On the electrical variations of the heart in man. Proc Phys Soc (14th November) in J Physiol (London) 1891;13:lviii-lix and also On the electromotive phenomena of the mammalian heart. Proc R Soc Lond 1892;50:211-214 They also demonstrate a delay of about 0.13 seconds between atrial stimulation and ventricular depolarisation (later called PR interval). On the electromotive phenomena of the mammalian heart. Proc Phys Soc (21st March) in J Physiol (London) 1891;12:xx-xxi | ||
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'''1901''' Einthoven invents a new galvanometer for producing electrocardiograms using a fine quartz string coated in silver based on ideas by Deprez and d'Arsonval (who used a wire coil). His "string galvanometer" weighs 600 pounds. Einthoven acknowledged the similar system by Ader but later (1909) calculated that his galvanometer was in fact many thousands of times more sensitive. <cite>Einthoven3</cite> | '''1901''' Einthoven invents a new galvanometer for producing electrocardiograms using a fine quartz string coated in silver based on ideas by Deprez and d'Arsonval (who used a wire coil). His "string galvanometer" weighs 600 pounds. Einthoven acknowledged the similar system by Ader but later (1909) calculated that his galvanometer was in fact many thousands of times more sensitive. <cite>Einthoven3</cite> | ||
'''1902''' Einthoven publishes the first electrocardiogram recorded on a string galvanometer. <cite> | '''1902''' Einthoven publishes the first electrocardiogram recorded on a string galvanometer. <cite>Einthoven4</cite> | ||
'''1903''' Einthoven discusses commercial production of a string galvanometer with Max Edelmann of Munich and Horace Darwin of Cambridge Scientific Instruments Company of London. | '''1903''' Einthoven discusses commercial production of a string galvanometer with Max Edelmann of Munich and Horace Darwin of Cambridge Scientific Instruments Company of London. | ||
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#Ernstine Ernstine AC, Levine SA. ''A comparison of records taken with the Einthoven string galvanomter and the amplifier-type electrocardiograph.'' Am Heart J 1928;4:725-731 | #Ernstine Ernstine AC, Levine SA. ''A comparison of records taken with the Einthoven string galvanomter and the amplifier-type electrocardiograph.'' Am Heart J 1928;4:725-731 | ||
#Dubois Du Bois-Reymond, E. ''Untersuchungen über thierische Elektricität''. Reimer, Berlin: 1848. | #Dubois Du Bois-Reymond, E. ''Untersuchungen über thierische Elektricität''. Reimer, Berlin: 1848. | ||
#Waller Waller AD. ''A demonstration on man of electromotive changes accompanying the heart's beat.'' J Physiol (London) 1887;8:229-234 | |||
#Waller2 Waller AD. ''Introductory Address on The Electromotive Properties of the Human Heart''. Brit. Med J, 1888;2:751-754 | #Waller2 Waller AD. ''Introductory Address on The Electromotive Properties of the Human Heart''. Brit. Med J, 1888;2:751-754 | ||
#Burch Burch GJ. ''On a method of determining the value of rapid variations of a difference potential by means of a capillary electrometer.'' Proc R Soc Lond (Biol) 1890;48:89-93 | |||
#Chauveau Chauveau MA. ''De La Dissociation Du Rythme Auriculaire et du Rythme Ventriculaire.'' Rev. de Méd. Tome V. - Mars 1885: 161-173. | #Chauveau Chauveau MA. ''De La Dissociation Du Rythme Auriculaire et du Rythme Ventriculaire.'' Rev. de Méd. Tome V. - Mars 1885: 161-173. | ||
#Hoffa Hoffa M, Ludwig C. 1850. ''Einige neue versuche uber herzbewegung''. Zeitschrift Rationelle Medizin, 9: 107-144 | #Hoffa Hoffa M, Ludwig C. 1850. ''Einige neue versuche uber herzbewegung''. Zeitschrift Rationelle Medizin, 9: 107-144 | ||
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#Sanders Sanders, A.O. ''Coronary thrombosis with complete heart block and relative ventricular tachycardia: a case report,'' American Heart Journal 1930;6:820-823. | #Sanders Sanders, A.O. ''Coronary thrombosis with complete heart block and relative ventricular tachycardia: a case report,'' American Heart Journal 1930;6:820-823. | ||
#Einthoven Einthoven W. ''Le telecardiogramme''. Arch Int de Physiol 1906;4:132-164 | #Einthoven Einthoven W. ''Le telecardiogramme''. Arch Int de Physiol 1906;4:132-164 | ||
# | #Einthoven2 Einthoven W. ''Über die Form des menschlichen Electrocardiogramms''. Pfügers Archiv march 1895, p 101-123 | ||
#Einthoven3 Einthoven W. ''Un nouveau galvanometre.'' Arch Neerl Sc Ex Nat 1901;6:625-633 | #Einthoven3 Einthoven W. ''Un nouveau galvanometre.'' Arch Neerl Sc Ex Nat 1901;6:625-633 | ||
#Einthoven4 Einthoven W. ''Galvanometrische registratie van het menschilijk electrocardiogram. In: Herinneringsbundel Professor S. S. Rosenstein.'' Leiden: Eduard Ijdo, 1902:101-107 | |||
#Prinzmetal pmid=14434946 | #Prinzmetal pmid=14434946 | ||
#Marey Marey EJ. ''Des variations electriques des muscles et du couer en particulier etudies au moyen de l'electrometre de M | #Marey Marey EJ. ''Des variations electriques des muscles et du couer en particulier etudies au moyen de l'electrometre de M | ||