Long QT Syndrome: Difference between revisions
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The Long QT | The '''Long QT Syndrome''' is characterized on the ECG by prolongation of the [[Conduction#The_QT_interval|heart rate corrected QT interval]]. This was first recognized by dr. Jervell and dr. Lange-Nielsen in 1957. They described 4 children with a long QT interval which was accompanied by hearing deficits, sudden cardiac death and an autosomal recessive inheritance.<cite>Lang1957</cite> | ||
The Long QT syndrome may be divided into two distinct forms: congenital Long QT syndrome and acquired Long QT syndrome. These forms may however | The Long QT syndrome may be divided into two distinct forms: congenital Long QT syndrome and acquired Long QT syndrome. These forms may however | ||
'''Diagnosis''' | |||
*The diagnosis is by maesurement of the [[Conduction#The_QT_interval|heart rate corrected QT interval]] on the ECG. | |||
*Sometinmes the QT interval can be difficult to assess. Read the [[Difficult_QT|guidelines for measurement of difficult QT interval]]. | |||
*A QTc of > 500ms in patients with Long QT Syndrome is associated with an increased risk for sudden death.<cite>Priori</cite> | |||
*In patients suspected of LQTS (e.g. family members of known LQTS patients) a QTc > 430ms makes it likely that a LQTS gene defect is present.<cite>Hofman</cite> | |||
*Because the QTc can change with age, it is best to take the ECG with the longest QTc interval for risk stratification.<cite>Goldenberg</cite> | |||
'''Treatment'''<cite>ACC2006</cite> | |||
*"Lifestyle modification": | *"Lifestyle modification": | ||
** | ** No competitive sports in all LQTS patients | ||
** | ** No swimming in LQT1 patients | ||
** | ** Avoid nightly noise in LQT2 patients (e.g. no alarm clock) | ||
* | *Medication: beta-blockers. Beta-blockers even reduce the risk of sudden death in patients in whom a genetic defect has been found, but no QT prolongation is visible on the ECG. | ||
*[[:w:nl:Internal_Cardiac_Defibrillator|ICD]] | *[[:w:nl:Internal_Cardiac_Defibrillator|ICD]] implantation in combination with beta-blockers in LQTS patients with previous cardiac arrest or [[syncope]] or [[Ventricular Tachycardia|ventricular tachycardia]] while on beta-blockers. | ||
===Inborn LQTS=== | ===Inborn LQTS=== | ||
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#moss pmid=17470695 | #moss pmid=17470695 | ||
#priori pmid=12736279 | #priori pmid=12736279 | ||
#Hofman pmid=17090615 | |||
</biblio> | </biblio> | ||
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Revision as of 13:35, 26 July 2007
Author(s) | P.G. Postema, MD | |
Moderator | P.G. Postema, MD | |
Supervisor | ||
some notes about authorship |
The Long QT Syndrome is characterized on the ECG by prolongation of the heart rate corrected QT interval. This was first recognized by dr. Jervell and dr. Lange-Nielsen in 1957. They described 4 children with a long QT interval which was accompanied by hearing deficits, sudden cardiac death and an autosomal recessive inheritance.[1]
The Long QT syndrome may be divided into two distinct forms: congenital Long QT syndrome and acquired Long QT syndrome. These forms may however
Diagnosis
- The diagnosis is by maesurement of the heart rate corrected QT interval on the ECG.
- Sometinmes the QT interval can be difficult to assess. Read the guidelines for measurement of difficult QT interval.
- A QTc of > 500ms in patients with Long QT Syndrome is associated with an increased risk for sudden death.[2]
- In patients suspected of LQTS (e.g. family members of known LQTS patients) a QTc > 430ms makes it likely that a LQTS gene defect is present.[3]
- Because the QTc can change with age, it is best to take the ECG with the longest QTc interval for risk stratification.[4]
Treatment[5]
- "Lifestyle modification":
- No competitive sports in all LQTS patients
- No swimming in LQT1 patients
- Avoid nightly noise in LQT2 patients (e.g. no alarm clock)
- Medication: beta-blockers. Beta-blockers even reduce the risk of sudden death in patients in whom a genetic defect has been found, but no QT prolongation is visible on the ECG.
- ICD implantation in combination with beta-blockers in LQTS patients with previous cardiac arrest or syncope or ventricular tachycardia while on beta-blockers.
Inborn LQTS
Congenitale LQTS is een erfelijke aandoening waarbij de ventriculaire repolarisatie verlengd is, wat zich onder meer uit in een verlengde QT tijd op het ECG. Syncope en plotse hartdood treedt bij LQTS vaak op tijdens een specifieke ventriculaire ritmestoornis: torsade de pointes. Hierbij draait de hartas continu, tijdens een ventriculaire tachycardie. Torsades de pointes kan overgaan in ventrikelfibrilleren en plotse hartdood. De prevalentie is ongeveer 1:3000-5000. De symptomen starten vaak in de tienerleeftijd. Niet alle dragers van afwijkende LQTS genen zijn ook ziek. De uiting kan wisselen van extreme QT velenging en regelmatige syncope, tot minimaal verlenge QT tijd, zonder enig symptoom.
Onderzoek heeft aangetoond, dat de inborn vormen berusten op een genetisch defect in de genen die coderen voor ionenstromen die verantwoordelijk zijn voor de repolarisatiefase van een actiepotentiaal. He meest voorkomende defect berust op die van de uitwaartse kaliumstroom. Dit leidt tot een verlengde repolarisatie en dus een verlengde QT-tijd. Tevens bestaan er ook defecten in de natriumkanalen. Er is dan met name sprake van een longre inwaartse natriumstroom. Het gevolg is een longre actiepotentiaal als mede een longre QT-tijd.
Er zijn inmiddels 8 LQTS genen beschreven met ieder verschillende kenmerken: [5]
type | chromosoom | gen | protein | ionchannel | frequentie[6] | SCD incidence[7] | oververving | ECG kenmerken | Trigger | Eponiem | OMIM™ link |
LQTS1 | 11p15 | KCNQ1 | KvLQT1 | Iks | ~50% | 0.30%/jaar | AD, AR | 'early onset' T top met brede basis | inspanning, m.n. zwemmen | JLN1 indien homozygoot, LQTS1 indien heterozygoot | 607542 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LQTS2 | 7q35 | KCNH2 | hERG | Ikr | 30-40% | 0.60%/jaar | AD | kleine late T top | adrenerge prikkels, m.n. nachtelijk lawaai | JLN2 indien homozygoot, LQTS2 indien heterozygoot | 152427 |
LQTS3 | 3p21 | SCN5A | NA kanaal | 5-10% | 0.56%/jaar | AD | 'Late onset' T golf van normale vorm | 600163 | |||
LQTS4 | 4q25 | ANK2 | Ankyrin B | <1% | unknown | AD | 106410 | ||||
LQTS5 | 21q22 | KCNE1 | minK | Iks | <1% | unknown | AD/AR | 176261 | |||
LQTS6 | 21q22 | KCNE2 | MiRP1 | Ikr | <1% | unknown | AD | 603796 | |||
LQTS7 | 17q23 | KCNJ2 | Kir 2.1 | IK1 | <1% | unknown | AD | Anderson-Tawil syndrome | 600681 | ||
LQTS8 | 6q8A | CACNA1C | ICa-L | <1% | unknown | alternerende T golven | Timothy syndrome | 114205 | |||
LQTS9 | 3p25.3 | CAV3 | Caveolin 3 | unknown | 601253 | ||||||
LQTS10 | 11q23.3 | SCN4B | Navb4 | 1 family | unknown | 608256 |
- LQTS
- Long QT syndrome
- JLN
- Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
- SCD
- Sudden Cardiac Death
Nog voordat deze genen bekend waren, waren er al enkele syndromen beschreven, die gepaard gingen met een long QT tijd.
- Anton Jervell and Fred Lange-Nielsen uit Oslo beschreven in 1957 een autosomaal recessief overervend syndrome dat gepaard ging met QT verlenging, doofheid en plotselinge hartdood. Sindsdien heet dit syndrome Jervell-Lange-Nielsen syndrome. [1]
- Romano-Ward syndrome is een long QT syndrome met normale gehoorfunctie en erft i.t.t. de anderen autosomaal dominant over. Inmiddels is bekend dat ook deze syndromen berusten op afwijkingen in bovenstaande genen.
- In a genotype–phenotype study by Moss et al. that studied type-1 LQTS, it was found that mutations located in the transmembrane portion of the ion channel protein and the degree of ion channel dysfunction caused by the mutations are important independent risk factors influencing the clinical course of this disorder.[8]
Verworven LQTS
Verworven long QT syndrome wordt veroorzaakt meestal veroorzaakt door medicijnen. In combinatie met een aantal risicofactoren neemt het risico op ritmestoornissen toe, met name ook weer Torsade de Pointes.
Medicijnen die Torsade de Pointes kunnen veroorzaken:[9] |
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Minder vaak gebruikte medicijnen: |
|
Zie ook Torsades.org voor een uitgebreide lijst |
Risicofactoren voor medicijngeïnduceerde Torsade de Pointes: |
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External links
- LongQT.org Powerpoint presentatie over long QT syndrome
- Torsades.org met een lijst met QT verlengende medicatie
- QTdrugs.org, met een lijst van QT verlengende medicatie
- Cardiogenetica.nl
- Sudden Arrhythmia Death Syndrome Foundation. Een Amerikaanse vereniging o.a. voor LQTS patiënten.
- Inherited Arrhythmias Database
Referenties
- JERVELL A and LANGE-NIELSEN F. Congenital deaf-mutism, functional heart disease with prolongation of the Q-T interval and sudden death. Am Heart J. 1957 Jul;54(1):59-68. DOI:10.1016/0002-8703(57)90079-0 |
- Hofman N, Wilde AA, Kääb S, van Langen IM, Tanck MW, Mannens MM, Hinterseer M, Beckmann BM, and Tan HL. Diagnostic criteria for congenital long QT syndrome in the era of molecular genetics: do we need a scoring system?. Eur Heart J. 2007 Mar;28(5):575-80. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl355 |
- Goldenberg I, Mathew J, Moss AJ, McNitt S, Peterson DR, Zareba W, Benhorin J, Zhang L, Vincent GM, Andrews ML, Robinson JL, and Morray B. Corrected QT variability in serial electrocardiograms in long QT syndrome: the importance of the maximum corrected QT for risk stratification. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Sep 5;48(5):1047-52. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.06.033 |
- Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, Buxton AE, Chaitman B, Fromer M, Gregoratos G, Klein G, Moss AJ, Myerburg RJ, Priori SG, Quinones MA, Roden DM, Silka MJ, Tracy C, Smith SC Jr, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Antman EM, Anderson JL, Hunt SA, Halperin JL, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B, Blanc JJ, Budaj A, Dean V, Deckers JW, Despres C, Dickstein K, Lekakis J, McGregor K, Metra M, Morais J, Osterspey A, Tamargo JL, Zamorano JL, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force, European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines, European Heart Rhythm Association, and Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2006 Sep 5;114(10):e385-484. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.178233 |
- Priori SG, Schwartz PJ, Napolitano C, Bloise R, Ronchetti E, Grillo M, Vicentini A, Spazzolini C, Nastoli J, Bottelli G, Folli R, and Cappelletti D. Risk stratification in the long-QT syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003 May 8;348(19):1866-74. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa022147 |
- Shah M, Akar FG, and Tomaselli GF. Molecular basis of arrhythmias. Circulation. 2005 Oct 18;112(16):2517-29. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.494476 |
- Moss AJ, Shimizu W, Wilde AA, Towbin JA, Zareba W, Robinson JL, Qi M, Vincent GM, Ackerman MJ, Kaufman ES, Hofman N, Seth R, Kamakura S, Miyamoto Y, Goldenberg I, Andrews ML, and McNitt S. Clinical aspects of type-1 long-QT syndrome by location, coding type, and biophysical function of mutations involving the KCNQ1 gene. Circulation. 2007 May 15;115(19):2481-9. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.665406 |
- Roden DM. Drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval. N Engl J Med. 2004 Mar 4;350(10):1013-22. DOI:10.1056/NEJMra032426 |
- Schwartz PJ, Priori SG, Spazzolini C, Moss AJ, Vincent GM, Napolitano C, Denjoy I, Guicheney P, Breithardt G, Keating MT, Towbin JA, Beggs AH, Brink P, Wilde AA, Toivonen L, Zareba W, Robinson JL, Timothy KW, Corfield V, Wattanasirichaigoon D, Corbett C, Haverkamp W, Schulze-Bahr E, Lehmann MH, Schwartz K, Coumel P, and Bloise R. Genotype-phenotype correlation in the long-QT syndrome: gene-specific triggers for life-threatening arrhythmias. Circulation. 2001 Jan 2;103(1):89-95. DOI:10.1161/01.cir.103.1.89 |
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