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The '''Long QT Syndrome''' is characterized on the ECG by prolongation of the [[Conduction#The_QT_interval|heart rate corrected QT interval]]. This was first recognized by dr. Jervell and dr. Lange-Nielsen in 1957. They described 4 children with a long QT interval which was accompanied by hearing deficits, sudden cardiac death and an autosomal recessive inheritance.<cite>Lang1957</cite> | The '''Long QT Syndrome (LQTS)''' is characterized on the ECG by prolongation of the [[Conduction#The_QT_interval|heart rate corrected QT interval]]. This was first recognized by dr. Jervell and dr. Lange-Nielsen in 1957. They described 4 children with a long QT interval which was accompanied by hearing deficits, sudden cardiac death and an autosomal recessive inheritance.<cite>Lang1957</cite> | ||
The Long QT syndrome may be divided into two distinct forms: congenital Long QT syndrome and acquired Long QT syndrome. These forms may however | The Long QT syndrome may be divided into two distinct forms: congenital Long QT syndrome and acquired Long QT syndrome. These forms may however | ||
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*[[:w:nl:Internal_Cardiac_Defibrillator|ICD]] implantation in combination with beta-blockers in LQTS patients with previous cardiac arrest or [[syncope]] or [[Ventricular Tachycardia|ventricular tachycardia]] while on beta-blockers. | *[[:w:nl:Internal_Cardiac_Defibrillator|ICD]] implantation in combination with beta-blockers in LQTS patients with previous cardiac arrest or [[syncope]] or [[Ventricular Tachycardia|ventricular tachycardia]] while on beta-blockers. | ||
=== | ===Acquired LQTS=== | ||
Acquired LQTS is most often caused by drugs that prolong the QT interval. Combined with risk factors (see table) the risk of [[Torsade_de_Pointes|Torsade de Pointes]] increases. | |||
{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="400px" | |||
!Common drugs that can cause [[Torsade_de_Pointes|Torsade de Pointes]] include:<cite>Roden</cite> | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>Sotalol</li> | |||
<li>Amiodarone</li> | |||
<li>Erythromycin</li> | |||
<li>Clarithromycin</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|- | |||
!Less often used drugs include: | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>Cisapride</li> | |||
<li>antibiotics: halofantrine, pentamidine, sparfloxacin</li> | |||
<li>Anti-emetics: domperidon, droperidol</li> | |||
<li>Anti-psychotics: chlorpromazine, haloperidol, mesoridazine, thioridazine, pimozide</li> | |||
<li>Methadon</li> | |||
<li>Disopyramide</li> | |||
<li>Dofetilide</li> | |||
<li>Ibutilide</li> | |||
<li>Procainamide</li> | |||
<li>Quinidine</li> | |||
<li>Bepridil</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|- | |||
|[http://www.torsades.org Torsades.org] has an extensive list of drugs that can TdP | |||
|} | |||
{{clr}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" align="right" width="400px" | |||
!Concomittant risk factors for medication induced [[Torsade_de_Pointes|Torsade de Pointes]]: | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>Female sex</li> | |||
<li>Hypokalemia</li> | |||
<li>Bradycardia</li> | |||
<li>Recent conversion of [[Atrial Fibrillation|atrial fibrillation]], especially if QT prolonging drugs were used (sotalol, amiodarone)</li> | |||
<li>Cardiac decompensation</li> | |||
<li>Digoxin treatment</li> | |||
<li>High or overdosing or rapid infusion of a QT prolonging drug</li> | |||
<li>Pre-existing QT prolongation</li> | |||
<li>Congenital long QT syndrome</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|} | |||
{{clr}} | |||
===Congenital LQTS=== | |||
[[Image:lqts1-3.png|thumb| The three most common forms of LQTS can be recognized by the '''characteristic ECG abnormalities''': | |||
*LQT1 'early onset' broad based T wave | |||
*LQT2 small late T wave | |||
*LQT3 prolonged QT interval with 'late onset' T wave with a normal configuration | |||
In congenital LQTS the ventricular repolarisation is prolonged. '''The prevalence is about 1:3000-5000'''. | |||
More than 10 different types of congenital LQTS have been described. However, only LQTS 1-3 are relatively common.<cite>ACC2006</cite> | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" bordercolor="#6EB4EB" style="font-size:100%;" class="plainlinks" class="wikitable" | {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" bordercolor="#6EB4EB" style="font-size:100%;" class="plainlinks" class="wikitable" | ||
|- style="text-align:center;background-color:#6EB4EB;" | |- style="text-align:center;background-color:#6EB4EB;" | ||
| type | | type | ||
| | | chromosom | ||
| | | gene | ||
| protein | | protein | ||
| | | ion=channel | ||
| | | frequency<cite>priori</cite> | ||
| SCD incidence<cite>Shah2005</cite> | | SCD incidence<cite>Shah2005</cite> | ||
| | | inheritance | ||
| ECG | | ECG characteristics | ||
| Trigger | | Trigger | ||
| | | Eponyme | ||
| [[w:OMIM|OMIM™]] link | | [[w:OMIM|OMIM™]] link | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| I''ks'' | | I''ks'' | ||
| ~50% | | ~50% | ||
| 0.30%/ | | 0.30%/year | ||
| AD, AR | | AD, AR | ||
| 'early onset' T | | broad base 'early onset' T wave | ||
| | | exercise, especially swimming | ||
| JLN1 | | JLN1 if homozygous, LQTS1 if heterozygous | ||
| {{OMIM2|607542}} | | {{OMIM2|607542}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| I''kr'' | | I''kr'' | ||
| 30-40% | | 30-40% | ||
| 0.60%/ | | 0.60%/year | ||
| AD | | AD | ||
| | | small late T wave | ||
| | | adrenergic triggers, especially nightly noise | ||
| JLN2 | | JLN2 if homozygous, LQTS2 if heterozygous | ||
| {{OMIM2|152427}} | | {{OMIM2|152427}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| 3p21 | | 3p21 | ||
| SCN5A | | SCN5A | ||
| NA | | NA channel | ||
| | | | ||
| 5-10% | | 5-10% | ||
| 0.56%/ | | 0.56%/year | ||
| AD | | AD | ||
| 'Late onset' T | | 'Late onset' T wave with normal configuration | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| unknown | | unknown | ||
| | | | ||
| | | alternating T waves | ||
| | | | ||
| Timothy syndrome | | Timothy syndrome | ||
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;SCD: Sudden Cardiac Death | ;SCD: Sudden Cardiac Death | ||
Long before the genes involved were known, two syndromes had been described that were associated with a prolonged QT interval on the ECG. | |||
* Anton Jervell and Fred Lange-Nielsen | * Anton Jervell and Fred Lange-Nielsen from Oslo described in 1957 a autosomaal recessive syndrome that was associated with QT interval prolongation, deafness and sudden death: the now called '''Jervell-Lange-Nielsen syndrome'''. <cite>Lang1957</cite> | ||
* '''Romano-Ward syndrome''' is | * '''Romano-Ward syndrome''' is a long QT syndrome with normal auditory function and autosomal dominant inheritance. | ||
* In a genotype–phenotype study by Moss et al. that studied type-1 LQTS, it was found that mutations located in the transmembrane portion of the ion channel protein and the degree of ion channel dysfunction caused by the mutations are important independent risk factors influencing the clinical course of this disorder.<cite>moss</cite> | * In a genotype–phenotype study by Moss et al. that studied type-1 LQTS, it was found that mutations located in the transmembrane portion of the ion channel protein and the degree of ion channel dysfunction caused by the mutations are important independent risk factors influencing the clinical course of this disorder.<cite>moss</cite> | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
#[http://www.torsades.org Torsades.org has a list of QT prolonging drugs] | |||
#[http://www.torsades.org Torsades.org | #[http://qtdrugs.org QTdrugs.org, another list of QT prolonging drugs] | ||
#[http://qtdrugs.org QTdrugs.org, | #[http://www.sads.org Sudden Arrhythmia Death Syndrome Foundation]. LQTS patient group. | ||
#[http://www.sads.org Sudden Arrhythmia Death Syndrome Foundation]. | |||
#[http://www.fsm.it/cardmoc/ Inherited Arrhythmias Database] | #[http://www.fsm.it/cardmoc/ Inherited Arrhythmias Database] | ||