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Table 4
Table 4: Reference limits and partition values of left ventricular mass and geometry
|
Women |
Men
|
Reference range
|
Mildly abnormal
|
Moderately abnormal
|
Severely abnormal
|
Reference range
|
Mildly abnormal
|
Moderately abnormal
|
Severely abnormal
|
Linear Method
|
LV mass, g
|
67–162
|
163–186
|
187–210
|
≥211
|
88–224
|
225–258
|
259–292
|
≥293
|
LV mass/BSA, g/m2
|
43–95
|
96–108
|
109–121
|
≥122
|
49–115
|
116–131
|
132–148
|
≥149
|
LV mass/height, g/m
|
41–99
|
100–115
|
116–128
|
≥129
|
52–126
|
127–144
|
145–162
|
≥163
|
LV mass/height2,7, g/m2,7
|
18–44
|
45–51
|
52–58
|
≥59
|
20–48
|
49–55
|
56–63
|
≥64
|
Relative wall thickness, cm
|
0.22–0.42
|
0.43–0.47
|
0.48–0.52
|
≥0.53
|
0.24–0.42
|
0.43–0.46
|
0.47–0.51
|
≥0.52
|
Septal thickness, cm
|
0.6–0.9
|
1.0–1.2
|
1.3–1.5
|
≥1.6
|
0.6–1.0
|
1.1–1.3
|
1.4–1.6
|
≥1.7
|
Posterior wall thickness, cm
|
0.6–0.9
|
1.0–1.2
|
1.3–1.5
|
≥1.6
|
0.6–1.0
|
1.1–1.3
|
1.4–1.6
|
≥1.7
|
2D Method
|
LV mass, g
|
66–150
|
151–171
|
172–182
|
>193
|
96–200
|
201–227
|
228–254
|
>255
|
LV mass/BSA, g/m2
|
44–88
|
89–100
|
101–112
|
≥113
|
50–102
|
103–116
|
117–130
|
≥131
|
- BSA, Body surface area; LV, left ventricular; 2D, 2-dimensional.
- Bold italic values: Recommended and best validated.
|
Table 5
Table 5 Reference limits and partition values of left ventricular size
|
Women |
Men
|
Reference range |
Mildly abnormal |
Moderately abnormal |
Severely abnormal |
Reference range |
Mildly abnormal |
Moderately abnormal |
Severely abnormal
|
LV dimension
|
LV diastolic diameter |
3.9–5.3 |
5.4–5.7 |
5.8–6.1 |
≥6.2 |
4.2–5.9 |
6.0–6.3 |
6.4–6.8 |
≥6.9
|
LV diastolic diameter/BSA, cm/m2
|
2.4–3.2
|
3.3–3.4
|
3.5–3.7
|
≥3.8
|
2.2–3.1
|
3.2–3.4
|
3.5–3.6
|
≥3.7
|
LV diastolic diameter/height, cm/m
|
2.5–3.2
|
3.3–3.4
|
3.5–3.6
|
≥3.7
|
2.4–3.3
|
3.4–3.5
|
3.6–3.7
|
≥3.8
|
LV volume
|
LV diastolic volume, mL
|
56–104
|
105–117
|
118–130
|
≥131
|
67–155
|
156–178
|
179–201
|
≥201
|
LV diastolic volume/BSA, mL/m2
|
35–75
|
76–86
|
87–96
|
≥97
|
35–75
|
76–86
|
87–96
|
≥97
|
LV systolic volume, mL
|
19–49
|
50–59
|
60–69
|
≥70
|
22–58
|
59–70
|
71–82
|
≥83
|
LV systolic volume/BSA, mL/m2
|
12–30
|
31–36
|
37–42
|
≥43
|
12–30
|
31–36
|
37–42
|
≥43
|
- BSA, body surface area; LV, left ventricular.
- Bold italic values: Recommended and best validated.
|
Table 6
Table 6 Reference limits and values and partition values of left ventricular function
|
Women |
Men
|
Reference range
|
Mildly abnormal
|
Moderately abnormal
|
Severely abnormal
|
Reference range
|
Mildly abnormal
|
Moderately abnormal
|
Severely abnormal
|
Linear method
|
Endocardial fractional shortening, %
|
27–45
|
22–26
|
17–21
|
≤16
|
25–43
|
20–24
|
15–19
|
≤14
|
Midwall fractional shortening, %
|
15–23
|
13–14
|
11–12
|
≤10
|
14–22
|
12–13
|
10–11
|
≤10
|
2D Method
|
Ejection fraction, %
|
≥55
|
45–54
|
30–44
|
<30
|
≥55
|
45–54
|
30–44
|
<30
|
- 2D, Two-dimensional.
- Bold italic values: Recommended and best validated.
|
Table 7
Table 7 Reference limits and partition values of right ventricular and pulmonary artery size
|
Reference range
|
Mildly abnormal
|
Moderately abnormal
|
Severely abnormal
|
RV dimensions (Figure 12)
|
Basal RV diameter (RVD 1), cm
|
2.0–2.8
|
2.9–3.3
|
3.4–3.8
|
≥3.9
|
Mid-RV diameter (RVD 2), cm
|
2.7–3.3
|
3.4–3.7
|
3.8–4.1
|
≥4.2
|
Base-to-apex length (RVD 3), cm
|
7.1–7.9
|
8.0–8.5
|
8.6–9.1
|
≥9.2
|
RVOT diameters (Figure 13, 14)
|
Above aortic valve (RVOT 1), cm
|
2.5–2.9
|
3.0–3.2
|
3.3–3.5
|
≥3.6
|
Above pulmonic valve (RVOT 2), cm
|
1.7–2.3
|
2.4–2.7
|
2.8–3.1
|
≥3.2
|
PA diameter
|
Below pulmonic valve (PA 1), cm
|
1.5–2.1
|
2.2–2.5
|
2.6–2.9
|
≥3.0
|
- RV, Right ventricular; RVOT, right ventricular outflow tract; PA, pulmonary artery.
- Data from Foale et al.76
|
Table 8
Table 8 Reference limits and partition values of right ventricular size and function as measured in the apical 4-chamber view
|
Reference range
|
Mildly abnormal
|
Moderately abnormal
|
Severely abnormal
|
RV diastolic area, cm2
|
11–28
|
29–32
|
33–37
|
≥38
|
RV systolic area, cm2
|
7.5–16
|
17–19
|
20–22
|
≥23
|
RV fractional area change, %
|
32–60
|
25–31
|
18–24
|
≤17
|
- RV, Right ventricular.
- Data from Weyman.80
|
Table 9
Table 9 Reference limits and partition values for left atrial dimensions/volumes
|
Women
|
Men
|
Reference range
|
Mildly abnormal
|
Moderately abnormal
|
Severely abnormal
|
Reference range
|
Mildly abnormal
|
Moderately abnormal
|
Severely abnormal
|
Atrial dimensions
|
LA diameter, cm
|
2.7–3.8
|
3.9–4.2
|
4.3–4.6
|
≥4.7
|
3.0–4.0
|
4.1–4.6
|
4.7–5.2
|
≥5.2
|
LA diameter/BSA, cm/m2
|
1.5–2.3
|
2.4–2.6
|
2.7–2.9
|
≥3.0
|
1.5–2.3
|
2.4–2.6
|
2.7–2.9
|
≥3.0
|
RA minor-axis dimension, cm
|
2.9–4.5
|
4.6–4.9
|
5.0–5.4
|
≥5.5
|
2.9–4.5
|
4.6–4.9
|
5.0–5.4
|
≥5.5
|
RA minor-axis dimension/BSA, cm/m2
|
1.7–2.5
|
2.6–2.8
|
2.9–3.1
|
≥3.2
|
1.7–2.5
|
2.6–2.8
|
2.9–3.1
|
≥3.2
|
Atrial area
|
LA area, cm2
|
≤20
|
20–30
|
30–40
|
>40
|
≤20
|
20–30
|
30–40
|
>40
|
Atrial volumes
|
LA volume, mL
|
22–52
|
53–62
|
63–72
|
≥73
|
18–58
|
59–68
|
69–78
|
≥79
|
LA volume/BSA, mL/m2
|
22 ± 6
|
29–33
|
34–39
|
≥40
|
22 ± 6
|
29–33
|
34–39
|
≥40
|
- BSA, Body surface area; LA, left atrial; RA, right atrial.
- Bold italic values: Recommended and best validated.
|