A Concise History of the ECG: Difference between revisions

|supervisor=  

}}

{| class="wikitable"

|This overview has been adapted from Dean Jenkins's and Stephen Gerred's [http://www.ecglibrary.com ECGlibary.com], for which they are gratefully acknowledged.

'''1939''' Langendorf reports a case of atrial infarction discovered at autopsy. In retrospect,it could have been diagnosed by changes on the ECG. <cite>Langendorf</cite>

'''1942''' Emanuel Goldberger increases the voltage of Wilson's unipolar leads by 50% and creates the augmented limb leads aVR, aVL and aVF. When they are added to Einthoven's three limb leads and the six chest leads, the 12 lead ECG that we know today emerges.

'''1953''' Osborn, while experimenting with hypothermic dogs, describes the prominent J (junctional) wave, often known as the "Osborn wave". He found the dogs were more likely to survive if they had an infusion of bicarbonate and supposed the J wave was due to an injury current caused by acidosis. Osborn JJ. Experimental hypothermia: respiratory and blood pH changes in relation to cardiac function. Am J Physiol 1953;175:389.  

'''1955''' Richard Langendorf publishes the "rule of bigeminy" whereby ventricular bigeminy tends to perpetuate itself. Langendorf R, Pick A, Winternitz M. Mechanisms of intermittent ventricular bigeminy. I. Appearence of ectopic beats dependent upon the length of the ventricular cycle, the "rule of bigeminy." circulation 1955;11:442.  

'''1966''' François Dessertenne of Paris publishes the first case of '[[Torsade de pointes]]' Ventricular Tachycardia. <cite>Dessertenne</cite>

'''1969''' Rosenbaum reviews the classification of ventricular premature complexes and adds a benign form that arises from the right ventricle and is not associated with heart disease. This becomes known as the 'Rosenbaum ventricular extrasystole'. <cite>Rosenbaum</cite>

'''1976''' Erhardt and colleagues describe the use of a right-sided precordial lead in the diagnosis of right ventricular infarction which has previously been thought to be electrocardiographically silent. <cite>Erhardt</cite>

'''1988''' Professor John Pope Boineau of Washington University School of Medicine publishes a 30-year perspective on the modern history of electrocardiography. <cite>Boineau</cite>

'''2008''' Dr. Haïssaguerre et al. study ECGs from patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and find that patients with early repolarization on their ECG (elevation of the QRS-ST junction of at least 0.1 mV from baseline, which is usually considered a benign finding) is associated with a doubled risk of ICD (implantable cardioverter defibrillator) shock during follow up. <cite>Haiss</cite>

==External Links==

#Sokolow pmid=18107386

#Hyman Hyman AS. ''Resuscitation of the stopped heart by intracardial therapy.'' Arch Intern Med. 1932;50:283

#Hay Hay J. ''Bradycardia and cardiac arrhythmias produced by depression of certain functions of the heart.'' Lancet 1906;1:138-143.  

#Bousfield Bousfield G. ''Angina pectoris: changes in electrocardiogram during paroxysm.'' Lancet 1918;2:475  

#Beck Beck CS, Pritchard WH, Feil SA: ''Ventricular fibrillation of long duration abolished by electric shock.'' JAMA 1947; 135: 985-989.

#Wiggers Wiggers CJ, Wegria R. ''Ventricular fibrillation due to single localized induction in condenser shock supplied during the vulnerable phase of ventricular systole.'' Am J Physiol 1939;128:500  

#McWilliam1 pmid=16991467

#McWilliam2 McWilliam JA. ''Electrical stimulation of the heart in man.'' 1889. Br. Med. J. 1: 348  

#Lewis Levy AG, Lewis T. ''Heart irregularities, resulting from the inhalation of low percentages of chloroform vapour, and their relationship to ventricular fibrillation.'' 1911. Heart 3: 99– 112  

#Hoffman Hoffman A. ''Fibrillation of ventricles at the end of an attack of paroxysmal tachycardia in man''. 1912. Heart 3: 213– 18  

#Bayliss2 Bayliss WM, Starling EH. ''On the electromotive phenomena of the mammalian heart.'' Proc R Soc Lond 1892;50:211-214

#Matteucci Matteucci C. ''Sur un phenomene physiologique produit par les muscles en contraction.'' Ann Chim Phys 1842;6:339-341

#Walsh Walsh, J. ''On the electric property of torpedo:'' in a letter to Ben. Franklin. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. 1773;63:478-489

#Hoffa Hoffa M, Ludwig C. 1850. ''Einige neue versuche uber herzbewegung''. Zeitschrift Rationelle Medizin, 9: 107-144  

</biblio>