Pediatric ECGs
A excellent description of the neonatal electrocardiogram has been made by Schwarz et al.[1][2]
Heart Axis
| Age | QRS Axis Normal Values | Abnormal Values | Description | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adult | -30° to 90° |
|
| ||||||||||
| 8 to 16 years | 0° to 120° | >120° | Right-axis deviation | ||||||||||
| 5 to 8 years | 0° to 140° | >140°
<0° |
Right-axis deviation
Left-axis deviation | ||||||||||
| 1 year to 5 years | 5° to 100° | >100° | Right-axis deviation | ||||||||||
| 1 mo to 1 y | 10° to 120° | >120°
<10° to -90° |
Right-axis deviation
Left-axis deviation | ||||||||||
| Neonate | 30° to 90° | >190° to -90°
<30° to <-90° |
Extreme right axis deviation
Left axis deviation |
Conduction
RBBB: if consistent morphology and if QRS width >90ms in children < 4 years and >100ms in children 4-16 years[3] LBBB: if consistent morphology and QRS width >90ms in children < 4 years and >100ms in children 4-16 years[3]
Normal neonatal ECG standards
| Age group | Heart rate (beats . min-1) |
Frontal plane QRS axisa (degrees) |
P wave amplitude (mm) |
P-R intervala (s) |
QRS durationa V5 |
Q IIIc (mm) | QV6c (mm) | RV1b (mm) | SV1b (mm) | R/S V1c | RV6b (mm) | SV6b (mm) | R/S V6c | SV1 + RV6c (mm) | R + SV4c (mm) | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–1 days | 93–154 (123) | +59 to +192 (135) | 2·8 | 0·08–0·16 (0·11) | 0·02–0·08 (0·05) | 5·2 | 1·7 | 5–26 | 0–22·5 | 9·8 | 0–11 | 0–9·8 | 10 | 28 | 52 | ||||||||||||||||
| 1–3 days | 91–159 (123) | +64 to +197 (134) | 2·8 | 0·08–0·14 (0·11) | 0·02–0·07 (0·05) | 5·2 | 2·1 | 5–27 | 0–21 | 6 | 0–12 | 0–9·5 | 11 | 29 | 52 | ||||||||||||||||
| 3–7 days | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7–30 days | 1–3 months |
References
- Schwartz PJ, Garson A Jr, Paul T, Stramba-Badiale M, Vetter VL, Wren C, and European Society of Cardiology. Guidelines for the interpretation of the neonatal electrocardiogram. A task force of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2002 Sep;23(17):1329-44. DOI:10.1053/euhj.2002.3274 |
- Schwartz PJ, Paul AG Jr, Stramba-Badiale M, Vetter VL, Villain E, Wren C, and Task Force of the Comittee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences of the European Society of Cardiology. Report from the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology for the interpretation of the neonatal electrocardiogram. Cardiol Young. 2002 Dec;12(6):592-608. DOI:10.1017/s1047951102001087 |
- Surawicz B, Childers R, Deal BJ, Gettes LS, Bailey JJ, Gorgels A, Hancock EW, Josephson M, Kligfield P, Kors JA, Macfarlane P, Mason JW, Mirvis DM, Okin P, Pahlm O, Rautaharju PM, van Herpen G, Wagner GS, Wellens H, American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, American College of Cardiology Foundation, and Heart Rhythm Society. AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part III: intraventricular conduction disturbances: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. Circulation. 2009 Mar 17;119(10):e235-40. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191095 |