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Table 4

Table 4: Reference limits and partition values of left ventricular mass and geometry

	Women				Men
	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal
Linear Method
LV mass, g	67–162	163–186	187–210	≥211	88–224	225–258	259–292	≥293
LV mass/BSA, g/m2	43–95	96–108	109–121	≥122	49–115	116–131	132–148	≥149
LV mass/height, g/m	41–99	100–115	116–128	≥129	52–126	127–144	145–162	≥163
LV mass/height2,7, g/m2,7	18–44	45–51	52–58	≥59	20–48	49–55	56–63	≥64
Relative wall thickness, cm	0.22–0.42	0.43–0.47	0.48–0.52	≥0.53	0.24–0.42	0.43–0.46	0.47–0.51	≥0.52
Septal thickness, cm	0.6–0.9	1.0–1.2	1.3–1.5	≥1.6	0.6–1.0	1.1–1.3	1.4–1.6	≥1.7
Posterior wall thickness, cm	0.6–0.9	1.0–1.2	1.3–1.5	≥1.6	0.6–1.0	1.1–1.3	1.4–1.6	≥1.7
2D Method
LV mass, g	66–150	151–171	172–182	>193	96–200	201–227	228–254	>255
LV mass/BSA, g/m2	44–88	89–100	101–112	≥113	50–102	103–116	117–130	≥131
BSA, Body surface area; LV, left ventricular; 2D, 2-dimensional. Bold italic values: Recommended and best validated.

Table 5

Table 5 Reference limits and partition values of left ventricular size

	Women				Men
	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal
LV dimension
LV diastolic diameter	3.9–5.3	5.4–5.7	5.8–6.1	≥6.2	4.2–5.9	6.0–6.3	6.4–6.8	≥6.9
LV diastolic diameter/BSA, cm/m2	2.4–3.2	3.3–3.4	3.5–3.7	≥3.8	2.2–3.1	3.2–3.4	3.5–3.6	≥3.7
LV diastolic diameter/height, cm/m	2.5–3.2	3.3–3.4	3.5–3.6	≥3.7	2.4–3.3	3.4–3.5	3.6–3.7	≥3.8
LV volume
LV diastolic volume, mL	56–104	105–117	118–130	≥131	67–155	156–178	179–201	≥201
LV diastolic volume/BSA, mL/m2	35–75	76–86	87–96	≥97	35–75	76–86	87–96	≥97
LV systolic volume, mL	19–49	50–59	60–69	≥70	22–58	59–70	71–82	≥83
LV systolic volume/BSA, mL/m2	12–30	31–36	37–42	≥43	12–30	31–36	37–42	≥43
BSA, body surface area; LV, left ventricular. Bold italic values: Recommended and best validated.

Table 6

Table 6 Reference limits and values and partition values of left ventricular function

	Women				Men
	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal
Linear method
Endocardial fractional shortening, %	27–45	22–26	17–21	≤16	25–43	20–24	15–19	≤14
Midwall fractional shortening, %	15–23	13–14	11–12	≤10	14–22	12–13	10–11	≤10
2D Method
Ejection fraction, %	≥55	45–54	30–44	<30	≥55	45–54	30–44	<30
2D, Two-dimensional. Bold italic values: Recommended and best validated.

Table 7

Table 7 Reference limits and partition values of right ventricular and pulmonary artery size

	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal
RV dimensions (Figure 12)
Basal RV diameter (RVD 1), cm	2.0–2.8	2.9–3.3	3.4–3.8	≥3.9
Mid-RV diameter (RVD 2), cm	2.7–3.3	3.4–3.7	3.8–4.1	≥4.2
Base-to-apex length (RVD 3), cm	7.1–7.9	8.0–8.5	8.6–9.1	≥9.2
RVOT diameters (Figure 13, 14)
Above aortic valve (RVOT 1), cm	2.5–2.9	3.0–3.2	3.3–3.5	≥3.6
Above pulmonic valve (RVOT 2), cm	1.7–2.3	2.4–2.7	2.8–3.1	≥3.2
PA diameter
Below pulmonic valve (PA 1), cm	1.5–2.1	2.2–2.5	2.6–2.9	≥3.0
RV, Right ventricular; RVOT, right ventricular outflow tract; PA, pulmonary artery. Data from Foale et al.76

Table 8

Table 8 Reference limits and partition values of right ventricular size and function as measured in the apical 4-chamber view

	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal
RV diastolic area, cm2	11–28	29–32	33–37	≥38
RV systolic area, cm2	7.5–16	17–19	20–22	≥23
RV fractional area change, %	32–60	25–31	18–24	≤17
RV, Right ventricular. Data from Weyman.80

Table 9

Table 9 Reference limits and partition values for left atrial dimensions/volumes

	Women				Men
	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal
Atrial dimensions
LA diameter, cm	2.7–3.8	3.9–4.2	4.3–4.6	≥4.7	3.0–4.0	4.1–4.6	4.7–5.2	≥5.2
LA diameter/BSA, cm/m2	1.5–2.3	2.4–2.6	2.7–2.9	≥3.0	1.5–2.3	2.4–2.6	2.7–2.9	≥3.0
RA minor-axis dimension, cm	2.9–4.5	4.6–4.9	5.0–5.4	≥5.5	2.9–4.5	4.6–4.9	5.0–5.4	≥5.5
RA minor-axis dimension/BSA, cm/m2	1.7–2.5	2.6–2.8	2.9–3.1	≥3.2	1.7–2.5	2.6–2.8	2.9–3.1	≥3.2
Atrial area
LA area, cm2	≤20	20–30	30–40	>40	≤20	20–30	30–40	>40
Atrial volumes
LA volume, mL	22–52	53–62	63–72	≥73	18–58	59–68	69–78	≥79
LA volume/BSA, mL/m2	22 ± 6	29–33	34–39	≥40	22 ± 6	29–33	34–39	≥40
BSA, Body surface area; LA, left atrial; RA, right atrial. Bold italic values: Recommended and best validated.