AV Conduction: Difference between revisions

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m (New page: Conduction disturbances can occur at the level of the sinoatrial (SA) node, the atrioventricular (AV) node and the bundle branch system. ===Sinusbradycardia=== {{Arrhythmias| | name = S...)
 
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{{authors|
|mainauthor= [[user:Drj|J.S.S.G. de Jong]]
|moderator= [[user:Vdbilt|I.A.C. van der Bilt]]
|supervisor=
}}
[[Image:AV_block_sequence.png|thumb|Sequence of AV block from incomplete to complete]]
Conduction disturbances can occur at the level of the sinoatrial (SA) node, the atrioventricular (AV) node and the bundle branch system.  
Conduction disturbances can occur at the level of the sinoatrial (SA) node, the atrioventricular (AV) node and the bundle branch system.  
 
In atrioventricular block the conduction between atria and ventricles is disturbed, leading to an increased [[Conduction#PQ interval|PQ interval]] or to P waves that are not followed by QRS complexes: atrial activity that is not followed by ventricular activity. Three degrees of block can be distinguished.
===Sinusbradycardia===
[[Image:Conduction_ap.svg|300px|thumb|right|The PR duration depends on the conduction velocity in the atria, AV node, His bundle, bundle branches and Purkinje fibers.]]
{{Arrhythmias|
| name = Sinusbradycardia
| locatieImage =
| atrial_frequency = < 60 bpm
| ventricular_frequency = same
| regularity = regular
| origin = sinus node
| p_wave = normal
| adenosine = slows down
| example = Sinusbradycardia of around 40 bpm.[[Image:Rhythm_sinusbradycardia.png|250px|Sinusbradycardia]]
| example2 =
}}
In sinusbradycardia the sinus node fires at a slow (<60 bpm) rate. This can be caused by e.g.: medication (beta-blockers), ischemia (typically inferior myocardial infarction with involvement of the sinus node artery), hypothermia and hypothyroidism. In an athlete a resting heart rate of < 60 bpm often is normal.
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===Sinusarrest===
[[Image:Rhythm_sinusarrest.png|thumb| Sinusarrest. The sinus node stops firing resulting in a pause in heart beats.]]
During sinus arrest the normal pacemaker cells in the sinus node stop firing. Often an ectopic pacemaker (sometimes from within the sinus node) takes over, but the new rate varies slightly from the old one.
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===Asystole===
During asystole there is no cardiac activity. When prolonged this results in immediate death. Again, asystole is a very unlikely diagnosis in a concious patient and a technical error should be checked first (loose wire, very low gain). Although often called a 'flatliner', the baseline in asystole is often shifting up and down a little and in fact if it isn't (and looks like it is often depicted in movies) a loose wire is the most likely cause.
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===Sick Sinus Syndrome===
In sick sinus syndrome there is a malfunctioning sinus node. Several arrhythmias can result from this:
* Symptomatic slow sinusbradycardia in the absence of medication
* Sinusarrest or exit block
* Combinations of sinoatrial and atrioventricular conductions disturbances
* Brady-tachycardia syndrome; typically there is sinusbradycardia, sinusarrest or SA-block which is alternated by periods with fast or (ir)regular atrial arrhythmias ([[#atrial fibrillation|atrial fibrillation]], [[#atrial flutter|atrial flutter]], [[#atrial tachycardia|atrial tachyardia]] or [[#sinustachycardia|sinustachycardia]]).
 
===Sino-atrial exit block===
to be filled in
 
===Atrioventricular block===
In atrioventricular block the conduction between atria and ventricles is disturbed leading to an incread [[Conduction#PQ interval|PQ interval]] or to drop out of QRS complexes: atrial activity that is not followed by ventricular activity. Three degrees of block can be distinguished.
   
   
====1st degree AV block====
==First degree AV block==
[[Image:Rhythm_1stAVblock.png|thumb| 1st degree AV block. Although the PQ interval is prolonged all p-waves are followed by QRS complexes: there is no dropout of beats]]
[[Image:Rhythm_1stAVblock.png|thumb| 1st degree AV block. Although the PQ interval is prolonged, all P waves are followed by QRS complexes: there is no dropout of complexes]]
In first degree AV block there is a prolongation of PQ duration (PQ time > 0.20 sec). Still every p-wave is being followed by a QRS complex.
In first degree AV block there is a prolongation of PQ duration (PQ time > 0.22 sec). Still every P wave is being followed by a QRS complex.
First degree AV block is present in 16% of >90-year olds <cite>kelley</cite> and is mostly caused by a degeneration of the conduction system. First degree AV block is relatively harmless.
First degree AV block is present in 16% of >90-year olds <cite>kelley</cite> and is mostly caused by a degeneration of the conduction system. First degree AV block is relatively harmless.
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====2nd degree AV block====
==Second degree AV block==
In second degree AV block not all p-waves are being followed by QRS complexes: beat dropout occurs. Second degree AV block can be categorized in 3 types:
In second degree AV block not all p-waves are being followed by QRS complexes: beat dropout occurs. Second degree AV block can be categorized in 3 types:
 
===Second degree AV block type I (Wenckebach)===
=====Second degree AV block type I(Wenckenbach)=====
[[Image:Wenckebach.png|thumb|Example of type I second degree AV block (Wenckebach)]]
[[Image:Wenckebach2.png|thumb|Example of type I second degree AV block (Wenckebach)]]
[[Image:Wenckebach3.jpg|thumb|Example of type I second degree AV block (Wenckebach)]]
In second degree AV block type I, the PQ interval prolongs from beat to beat up until the drop-out of one QRS complex. The characteristics of a Wenkebach block:
In second degree AV block type I, the PQ interval prolongs from beat to beat up until the drop-out of one QRS complex. The characteristics of a Wenkebach block:
* QRS complexes cluster (e.g. a 5:4 block or 4:3 block)
* QRS complexes cluster (e.g. a 5:4 block or 4:3 block)
* The PQ interval prolongs every consecutive beat
* The PQ interval prolongs every consecutive beat
* The PQ interval that follows upon a dropped beat is the shortes.
* The PQ interval that follows upon a dropped beat is the shortest.
* The RR interval shortens (!) every consecutive beat.
* The RR interval shortens (!) every consecutive beat.
* The amount of block decreases during exercise (e.g. a 4:3 block improves into a 6:5 block)
* The amount of block decreases during exercise (e.g. a 4:3 block improves into a 6:5 block)
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=====Second degree AV block type II(Mobitz)=====
===Second degree AV block type II (Mobitz)===
[[Image:Rhythm_Mobitz.png|thumb| Second degree AV block type II (Mobitz)]]
[[Image:Rhythm_Mobitz.png|thumb| Second degree AV block type II (Mobitz)]]
In second degree AV block type II, beats are dropped irregularly without PQ interval prolongation. As the drop out of beats is irregular, no clustering of QRS complexes can be seen as in second degree block type I. Second degree AV block type II marks the starting of trouble and is a class I pacemaker indication. <cite>CITATION</cite>
In second degree AV block type II, beats are dropped irregularly without PQ interval prolongation. As the drop out of beats is irregular, no clustering of QRS complexes can be seen as in second degree block type I. Second degree AV block type II marks the starting of trouble and is a class I pacemaker indication. <cite>CITATION</cite>
The cause of second degree AV block type II can be found distally from the AV node: in the HIS bundle or in the bundle branches or Purkinje fibers.  
The cause of second degree AV block type II can be found distally from the AV node: in the HIS bundle or in the bundle branches or Purkinje fibers.  


An important differential diagnosis of second degree AV block type II is a atrial extrasystoly with compensatory pause. This diagnosis is much more common and harmless.
An important differential diagnosis of second degree AV block type II is an [[Atrial Premature Complexes|premature atrial complex]] with compensatory pause. This diagnosis is much more common and harmless.
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=====High grade AV block=====
===High grade AV block===
High grade AV block is defined as two or more p-waves not followed by QRS complexes.
High grade AV block is defined as two or more p-waves not followed by QRS complexes.


====3rd degree AV block====
==Third degree AV block==
[[Image:Rhythm_3rdAVblock.png|thumb| 3rd degree AV block. AV dissociation is present: there is no relation between p-waves and the (nodal) QRS complexes.]]
[[Image:Rhythm_3rdAVblock.png|thumb| 3rd degree AV block. AV dissociation is present: there is no relation between p-waves and the (nodal) QRS complexes.]]
[[Image:Rhythm_totalAVblock.png|thumb| Short lasting total AV block (initiated by adenosine infusion). P-waves are present, but no QRS complexes follow]]
[[Image:Rhythm_totalAVblock.png|thumb| Short lasting total AV block (initiated by adenosine infusion). P-waves are present, but no QRS complexes follow]]
Third degree AV block is synonymous to ''total block'': absence of atrioventricular conduction. P-waves and QRS complexes have no temporal relationship.
Third degree AV block is synonymous to ''total block'': absence of atrioventricular conduction. The P-waves and QRS complexes have no temporal relationship, which is called to [[AV dissociation]].
The ventricular rhythm can [[#Nodal Rhythm|nodal]], [[#Idioventricular|idioventricular]] or absent. Absent ventricular rhythm results in asystole and death.
The ventricular rhythm can be [[Nodal Rhythm|nodal]], [[Idioventricular Rhythm|idioventricular]] or absent. Absent ventricular rhythm results in asystole and death.


During third degree AV block the blood supply to the brain can insufficient, leading to loss of consciousness. [[w:Stokes-Adams_Attack|Adams Stokes (or Stokes-Adams) attacks]] (often misspelled as Adam Stokes) attacks arte attacks of syncope or pre-syncope in the setting of third degree AV block.
During third degree AV block the blood supply to the brain can insufficient, leading to loss of consciousness. [[w:Stokes-Adams_Attack|Adams Stokes (or Stokes-Adams) attacks]] (often misspelled as Adam Stokes) attacks are attacks of syncope or pre-syncope in the setting of third degree AV block.
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==References==
<biblio>
#kelley pmid=17126661
</biblio>

Latest revision as of 10:51, 11 July 2024

Author(s) J.S.S.G. de Jong
Moderator I.A.C. van der Bilt
Supervisor
some notes about authorship
Sequence of AV block from incomplete to complete

Conduction disturbances can occur at the level of the sinoatrial (SA) node, the atrioventricular (AV) node and the bundle branch system. In atrioventricular block the conduction between atria and ventricles is disturbed, leading to an increased PQ interval or to P waves that are not followed by QRS complexes: atrial activity that is not followed by ventricular activity. Three degrees of block can be distinguished.

The PR duration depends on the conduction velocity in the atria, AV node, His bundle, bundle branches and Purkinje fibers.

First degree AV block

1st degree AV block. Although the PQ interval is prolonged, all P waves are followed by QRS complexes: there is no dropout of complexes

In first degree AV block there is a prolongation of PQ duration (PQ time > 0.22 sec). Still every P wave is being followed by a QRS complex. First degree AV block is present in 16% of >90-year olds [1] and is mostly caused by a degeneration of the conduction system. First degree AV block is relatively harmless.

Second degree AV block

In second degree AV block not all p-waves are being followed by QRS complexes: beat dropout occurs. Second degree AV block can be categorized in 3 types:

Second degree AV block type I (Wenckebach)

Example of type I second degree AV block (Wenckebach)
Example of type I second degree AV block (Wenckebach)
Example of type I second degree AV block (Wenckebach)

In second degree AV block type I, the PQ interval prolongs from beat to beat up until the drop-out of one QRS complex. The characteristics of a Wenkebach block:

  • QRS complexes cluster (e.g. a 5:4 block or 4:3 block)
  • The PQ interval prolongs every consecutive beat
  • The PQ interval that follows upon a dropped beat is the shortest.
  • The RR interval shortens (!) every consecutive beat.
  • The amount of block decreases during exercise (e.g. a 4:3 block improves into a 6:5 block)

The conduction disturbance in a type I block originates in the AV node. Isolated second degree AV block type I is relatively benign and not a pacemaker indication.

Second degree AV block type II (Mobitz)

Second degree AV block type II (Mobitz)

In second degree AV block type II, beats are dropped irregularly without PQ interval prolongation. As the drop out of beats is irregular, no clustering of QRS complexes can be seen as in second degree block type I. Second degree AV block type II marks the starting of trouble and is a class I pacemaker indication. [2] The cause of second degree AV block type II can be found distally from the AV node: in the HIS bundle or in the bundle branches or Purkinje fibers.

An important differential diagnosis of second degree AV block type II is an premature atrial complex with compensatory pause. This diagnosis is much more common and harmless.

High grade AV block

High grade AV block is defined as two or more p-waves not followed by QRS complexes.

Third degree AV block

3rd degree AV block. AV dissociation is present: there is no relation between p-waves and the (nodal) QRS complexes.
Short lasting total AV block (initiated by adenosine infusion). P-waves are present, but no QRS complexes follow

Third degree AV block is synonymous to total block: absence of atrioventricular conduction. The P-waves and QRS complexes have no temporal relationship, which is called to AV dissociation. The ventricular rhythm can be nodal, idioventricular or absent. Absent ventricular rhythm results in asystole and death.

During third degree AV block the blood supply to the brain can insufficient, leading to loss of consciousness. Adams Stokes (or Stokes-Adams) attacks (often misspelled as Adam Stokes) attacks are attacks of syncope or pre-syncope in the setting of third degree AV block.

References

  1. Kelley GP, Stellingworth MA, Broyles S, and Glancy DL. Electrocardiographic findings in 888 patients > or =90 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 2006 Dec 1;98(11):1512-4. DOI:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.06.055 | PubMed ID:17126661 | HubMed [kelley]
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