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==Table 4==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"


|+'''Table 4: Reference limits and partition values of left ventricular mass and geometry'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:170px" |  
! colspan="4" | Women !! colspan="4" | Men
|-
! style="width:80px" | Reference <br/>range
! style="width:80px" | Mildly <br/>abnormal
! style="width:80px" | Moderately <br/>abnormal
! style="width:80px" | Severely <br/>abnormal
! style="width:80px" | Reference <br/>range
! style="width:80px" | Mildly <br/>abnormal
! style="width:80px" | Moderately <br/>abnormal
! style="width:80px" | Severely <br/>abnormal
|-
| colspan="9" | Linear Method
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | LV mass, g
| align="center" | 67–162
| align="center" | 163–186
| align="center" | 187–210
| align="center" | &ge;211
| align="center" | 88–224
| align="center" | 225–258
| align="center" | 259–292
| align="center" | &ge;293
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | <strong><em>LV mass/BSA, g/m<sup>2</sup></em></strong>
| align="center" | <em>43–95</em>
| align="center" | <em>96–108</em>
| align="center" | <em>109–121</em>
| align="center" | <strong>&ge;<em>122</em></strong>
| align="center" | <em>49–115</em>
| align="center" | <em>116–131</em>
| align="center" | <em>132–148</em>
| align="center" | <strong>&ge;<em>149</em></strong>
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | LV mass/height, g/m
| align="center" | 41–99
| align="center" | 100–115
| align="center" | 116–128
| align="center" | &ge;129
| align="center" | 52–126
| align="center" | 127–144
| align="center" | 145–162
| align="center" | &ge;163
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | LV mass/height<sup>2,7</sup>, g/m<sup>2,7</sup>
| align="center" | 18–44
| align="center" | 45–51
| align="center" | 52–58
| align="center" | &ge;59
| align="center" | 20–48
| align="center" | 49–55
| align="center" | 56–63
| align="center" | &ge;64
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | Relative wall thickness, cm
| align="center" | 0.22–0.42
| align="center" | 0.43–0.47
| align="center" | 0.48–0.52
| align="center" | &ge;0.53
| align="center" | 0.24–0.42
| align="center" | 0.43–0.46
| align="center" | 0.47–0.51
| align="center" | &ge;0.52
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | <strong><em>Septal thickness, cm</em></strong>
| align="center" | <em>0.6–0.9</em>
| align="center" | <em>1.0–1.2</em>
| align="center" | <em>1.3–1.5</em>
| align="center" | <strong>&ge;<em>1.6</em></strong>
| align="center" | <em>0.6–1.0</em>
| align="center" | <em>1.1–1.3</em>
| align="center" | <em>1.4–1.6</em>
| align="center" | <strong>&ge;<em>1.7</em></strong>
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | <strong><em>Posterior wall thickness, cm</em></strong>
| align="center" | <em>0.6–0.9</em>
| align="center" | <em>1.0–1.2</em>
| align="center" | <em>1.3–1.5</em>
| align="center" | <strong>&ge;<em>1.6</em></strong>
| align="center" | <em>0.6–1.0</em>
| align="center" | <em>1.1–1.3</em>
| align="center" | <em>1.4–1.6</em>
| align="center" | <strong>&ge;<em>1.7</em></strong>
|-
| colspan="9" | 2D Method
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | LV mass, g
| align="center" | 66–150
| align="center" | 151–171
| align="center" | 172–182
| align="center" | &gt;193
| align="center" | 96–200
| align="center" | 201–227
| align="center" | 228–254
| align="center" | &gt;255
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | <strong><em>LV mass/BSA, g/m2</em></strong>
| align="center" | <em>44–88</em>
| align="center" | <em>89–100</em>
| align="center" | <em>101–112</em>
| align="center" | <strong><em>&ge;113</em></strong>
| align="center" | <em>50–102</em>
| align="center" | <em>103–116</em>
| align="center" | <em>117–130</em>
| align="center" | <strong><em>&ge;131</em></strong>
|-
| colspan="9" |
<ul>
<li><em>BSA</em>, Body surface area; <em>LV</em>, left ventricular; <em>2D</em>, 2-dimensional.</li>
<li>Bold italic values: Recommended and best validated.</li>
</ul>
|}
==Table 5==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+'''Table 5 Reference limits and partition values of left ventricular size'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:200px" | &nbsp;
! colspan="4" | Women !! colspan="4" | Men
|-
! style="width:80px" | Reference <br/>range
! style="width:80px" | Mildly <br/>abnormal
! style="width:80px" | Moderately <br/>abnormal
! style="width:80px" | Severely <br/>abnormal
! style="width:80px" | Reference <br/>range
! style="width:80px" | Mildly <br/>abnormal
! style="width:80px" | Moderately <br/>abnormal
! style="width:80px" | Severely <br/>abnormal
|-
| colspan="9" | LV dimension
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | LV diastolic diameter || align="center" | 3.9–5.3 || align="center" | 5.4–5.7 || align="center" | 5.8–6.1 || align="center" | &ge;6.2 || align="center" | 4.2–5.9 || align="center" | 6.0–6.3 || align="center" | 6.4–6.8 || align="center" | &ge;6.9
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | LV diastolic diameter/BSA, cm/m<sup>2</sup>
| align="center" | 2.4–3.2
| align="center" | 3.3–3.4
| align="center" | 3.5–3.7
| align="center" | &ge;3.8
| align="center" | 2.2–3.1
| align="center" | 3.2–3.4
| align="center" | 3.5–3.6
| align="center" | &ge;3.7
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | LV diastolic diameter/height, cm/m
| align="center" | 2.5–3.2
| align="center" | 3.3–3.4
| align="center" | 3.5–3.6
| align="center" | &ge;3.7
| align="center" | 2.4–3.3
| align="center" | 3.4–3.5
| align="center" | 3.6–3.7
| align="center" | &ge;3.8
|-
| colspan="9" | LV volume
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | LV diastolic volume, mL
| align="center" | 56–104
| align="center" | 105–117
| align="center" | 118–130
| align="center" | &ge;131
| align="center" | 67–155
| align="center" | 156–178
| align="center" | 179–201
| align="center" | &ge;201
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | <strong><em>LV diastolic volume/BSA, mL/m<sup>2</sup></em></strong>
| align="center" | <em>35–75</em>
| align="center" | <em>76–86</em>
| align="center" | <em>87–96</em>
| align="center" | <strong>&ge;<em>97</em></strong>
| align="center" | <em>35–75</em>
| align="center" | <em>76–86</em>
| align="center" | <em>87–96</em>
| align="center" | <strong>&ge;<em>97</em></strong>
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | LV systolic volume, mL
| align="center" | 19–49
| align="center" | 50–59
| align="center" | 60–69
| align="center" | &ge;70
| align="center" | 22–58
| align="center" | 59–70
| align="center" | 71–82
| align="center" | &ge;83
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | <strong><em>LV systolic volume/BSA, mL/m<sup>2</sup></em></strong>
| align="center" | <em>12–30</em>
| align="center" | <em>31–36</em>
| align="center" | <em>37–42</em>
| align="center" | <strong>&ge;<em>43</em></strong>
| align="center" | <em>12–30</em>
| align="center" | <em>31–36</em>
| align="center" | <em>37–42</em>
| align="center" | <strong>&ge;<em>43</em></strong>
|-
| colspan="9" | <ul>
<li><em>BSA</em>, body surface area; <em>LV</em>, left ventricular.</li>
<li>Bold italic values: Recommended and best validated.</li>
</ul>
|}
==Table 6==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+'''Table 6 Reference limits and values and partition values of left ventricular function'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:200px" | &nbsp;
! colspan="4" | Women !! colspan="4" | Men
|-
! style="width:80px" | Reference range
! style="width:80px" | Mildly abnormal
! style="width:80px" | Moderately abnormal
! style="width:80px" | Severely abnormal
! style="width:80px" | Reference range
! style="width:80px" | Mildly abnormal
! style="width:80px" | Moderately abnormal
! style="width:80px" | Severely abnormal
|-
| colspan="9" | Linear method
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | Endocardial fractional shortening, %
| align="center" | 27–45
| align="center" | 22–26
| align="center" | 17–21
| align="center" | &le;16
| align="center" | 25–43
| align="center" | 20–24
| align="center" | 15–19
| align="center" | &le;14
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | Midwall fractional shortening, %
| align="center" | 15–23
| align="center" | 13–14
| align="center" | 11–12
| align="center" | &le;10
| align="center" | 14–22
| align="center" | 12–13
| align="center" | 10–11
| align="center" | &le;10
|-
| colspan="9" | 2D Method
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | <em>Ejection fraction, %</em>
| align="center" | &ge;<em>55</em>
| align="center" | <em>45–54</em>
| align="center" | <em>30–44</em>
| align="center" | &lt;<em>30</em>
| align="center" | &ge;<em>55</em>
| align="center" | <em>45–54</em>
| align="center" | <em>30–44</em>
| align="center" | &lt;<em>30</em>
|-
| colspan="9" | <ul>
<li>2D, Two-dimensional.</li>
<li>Bold italic values: Recommended and best validated.</li>
</ul>
|}
==Table 7==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+'''Table 7 Reference limits and partition values of right ventricular and pulmonary artery size'''
|-
! style="width:200px" | &nbsp;
! style="width:130px" | Reference range
! style="width:130px" | Mildly abnormal
! style="width:130px" | Moderately abnormal
! style="width:130px" | Severely abnormal
|-
| colspan="5" | RV dimensions (Figure 12)
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | Basal RV diameter (RVD 1), cm
| align="center" | 2.0–2.8
| align="center" | 2.9–3.3
| align="center" | 3.4–3.8
| align="center" | &ge;3.9
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | Mid-RV diameter (RVD 2), cm
| align="center" | 2.7–3.3
| align="center" | 3.4–3.7
| align="center" | 3.8–4.1
| align="center" | &ge;4.2
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | Base-to-apex length (RVD 3), cm
| align="center" | 7.1–7.9
| align="center" | 8.0–8.5
| align="center" | 8.6–9.1
| align="center" | &ge;9.2
|-
| colspan="5" | RVOT diameters (Figure 13, 14)
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | Above aortic valve (RVOT 1), cm
| align="center" | 2.5–2.9
| align="center" | 3.0–3.2
| align="center" | 3.3–3.5
| align="center" | &ge;3.6
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | Above pulmonic valve (RVOT 2), cm
| align="center" | 1.7–2.3
| align="center" | 2.4–2.7
| align="center" | 2.8–3.1
| align="center" | &ge;3.2
|-
| colspan="5" | PA diameter
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | Below pulmonic valve (PA 1), cm
| align="center" | 1.5–2.1
| align="center" | 2.2–2.5
| align="center" | 2.6–2.9
| align="center" | &ge;3.0
|-
| colspan="5" | <ul><li><em>RV</em>, Right ventricular; <em>RVOT</em>, right ventricular outflow tract; <em>PA</em>, pulmonary artery.</li>
<li>Data from Foale et al.<sup>76</sup></li></ul>
|}
==Table 8==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+'''Table 8 Reference limits and partition values of right ventricular size and function as measured in the apical 4-chamber view'''
|-
! style="width:170px" |
! style="width:130px" | Reference range
! style="width:130px" | Mildly abnormal
! style="width:130px" | Moderately abnormal
! style="width:130px" | Severely abnormal
|-
| RV diastolic area, cm<sup>2</sup>
| align="center" | 11–28
| align="center" | 29–32
| align="center" | 33–37
| align="center" | &ge;38
|-
| RV systolic area, cm<sup>2</sup>
| align="center" | 7.5–16
| align="center" | 17–19
| align="center" | 20–22
| align="center" | &ge;23
|-
| RV fractional area change, %
| align="center" | 32–60
| align="center" | 25–31
| align="center" | 18–24
| align="center" | &le;17
|-
| colspan="4" |
<ul>
<li><em>RV</em>, Right ventricular.</li>
<li>Data from Weyman.<sup>80</sup></li>
</ul>
|}
==Table 9==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+'''Table 9 Reference limits and partition values for left atrial dimensions/volumes'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:200px" | &nbsp;
! colspan="4" | Women
! colspan="4" | Men
|-
! style="width:80px" | Reference range
! style="width:80px" | Mildly abnormal
! style="width:80px" | Moderately abnormal
! style="width:80px" | Severely abnormal
! style="width:80px" | Reference range
! style="width:80px" | Mildly abnormal
! style="width:80px" | Moderately abnormal
! style="width:80px" | Severely abnormal
|-
| colspan="9" | Atrial dimensions
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | LA diameter, cm
| align="center" | 2.7–3.8
| align="center" | 3.9–4.2
| align="center" | 4.3–4.6
| align="center" | &ge;4.7
| align="center" | 3.0–4.0
| align="center" | 4.1–4.6
| align="center" | 4.7–5.2
| align="center" | &ge;5.2
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | LA diameter/BSA, cm/m<sup>2</sup>
| align="center" | 1.5–2.3
| align="center" | 2.4–2.6
| align="center" | 2.7–2.9
| align="center" | &ge;3.0
| align="center" | 1.5–2.3
| align="center" | 2.4–2.6
| align="center" | 2.7–2.9
| align="center" | &ge;3.0
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | RA minor-axis dimension, cm
| align="center" | 2.9–4.5
| align="center" | 4.6–4.9
| align="center" | 5.0–5.4
| align="center" | &ge;5.5
| align="center" | 2.9–4.5
| align="center" | 4.6–4.9
| align="center" | 5.0–5.4
| align="center" | &ge;5.5
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | RA minor-axis dimension/BSA, cm/m<sup>2</sup>
| align="center" | 1.7–2.5
| align="center" | 2.6–2.8
| align="center" | 2.9–3.1
| align="center" | &ge;3.2
| align="center" | 1.7–2.5
| align="center" | 2.6–2.8
| align="center" | 2.9–3.1
| align="center" | &ge;3.2
|-
| colspan="9" | Atrial area
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | LA area, cm<sup>2</sup>
| align="center" | &le;20
| align="center" | 20–30
| align="center" | 30–40
| align="center" | &gt;40
| align="center" | &le;20
| align="center" | 20–30
| align="center" | 30–40
| align="center" | &gt;40
|-
| colspan="9" | Atrial volumes
|-
| style="padding-left:12px" | LA volume, mL
| align="center" | 22–52
| align="center" | 53–62
| align="center" | 63–72
| align="center" | &ge;73
| align="center" | 18–58
| align="center" | 59–68
| align="center" | 69–78
| align="center" | &ge;79
|-
| <strong><em>LA volume/BSA, mL/m2</em></strong>
| align="center" | <em>22 ± 6</em>
| align="center" | <em>29–33</em>
| align="center" | <em>34–39</em>
| align="center" | <strong>&ge;<em>40</em></strong>
| align="center" | <em>22 ± 6</em>
| align="center" | <em>29–33</em>
| align="center" | <em>34–39</em>
| align="center" | <strong>&ge;<em>40</em></strong>
|-
| colspan="9" |
<ul>
<li><em>BSA</em>, Body surface area; <em>LA</em>, left atrial; <em>RA</em>, right atrial.</li>
<li>Bold italic values: Recommended and best validated.</li>
</ul>
|}
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