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ECGs in Athletes: Difference between revisions
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|+'''Table 4: ECG Features of cardiac diseases detectable at pre-participation screening in young competitive athletes''' | |||
| Disease | |||
| QTc interval | |||
| P wave | |||
| PR interval | |||
| QRS complex | |||
| ST interval | |||
| T wave | |||
| Arrhythmias | |||
|- | |||
! HCM | |||
| Normal | |||
| (left atrial enlargement) | |||
| Normal | |||
| Increased voltages in mid-left precordial leads; abnormal Q waves in inferior and / or lateral leads; (LAD, LBBB); (delta wave) | |||
| Down-sloping (up-sloping) | |||
| Inverted in mid-left precordial leads; (giant and negative in the apical variant) | |||
| (Atrial fibrillation); (PVB); (VT) | |||
|- | |||
! Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy / dysplasia | |||
| Normal | |||
| Normal | |||
| Normal | |||
| Prolonged > 110 ms in right precordial leads; epsilon wave in right precordial leads; reduced voltages <= 0.5 mV in frontal leads; (RBBB) | |||
| (Up-sloping in right precordial leads) | |||
| Inverted in right precordial leads | |||
| PVB with a LBBB pattern; (VT with a LBBB pattern) | |||
|- | |||
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | |||
| Normal | |||
| (Left atrial enlargement) | |||
| (Prolonged >= 0.21s) | |||
| LBBB | |||
| Down-sloping (up-sloping) | |||
| Inverted in inferior and / or lateral leads | |||
| PVB; (VT) | |||
|- | |||
| Long QT syndrome | |||
| Prolonged | |||
*> 440ms in males | |||
*> 460ms in females | |||
| Normal | |||
| Normal | |||
| Normal | |||
| Normal | |||
| Bifid or biphasic in all leads | |||
| (PVB); (torsade de pointes) | |||
|- | |||
| Brugada syndrome | |||
| Normal | |||
| | |||
| Prolonged >= 0.21s | |||
| S1S2S3 pattern; (RBBB/LAD) | |||
| Up-sloping coved-type in right precordial leads | |||
| Inverted in right precordial leads | |||
| (Polymorphic VT); (atrial fibrillation) (sinus tachycardia) | |||
|- | |||
| Lenègre disease | |||
| Normal | |||
| Normal | |||
| Prolonged >= 0.21s | |||
| RBBB; RBBB/LAD; LBBB | |||
| Normal | |||
| Secondary changes | |||
| (2nd or 3rd degree AV block) | |||
|- | |||
| Short QT syndrome | |||
| Shortened < 300 ms | |||
| Normal | |||
| Normal | |||
| Normal | |||
| Normal | |||
| Normal | |||
| Atrial fibrillation (polymorphic VT) | |||
|- | |||
| Pre-excitation syndrome (WPW) | |||
| Normal | |||
| Normal | |||
| Shortened < 0.12s | |||
| Delta wave | |||
| Secondary changes | |||
| Secondary changes | |||
| Supraventricular tachycardia; (atrial fibrillation) | |||
|- | |||
| Coronary artery diseases<sup>a</sup> | |||
| (Prolonged) | |||
| Normal | |||
| Normal | |||
| (Abnormal Q waves)<sup>b</sup> | |||
| (Down-or up-sloping) | |||
| Inverted in >= 2 leads | |||
| PVB; (VT); | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
*Less common or uncommon ECG findings are reported in brackets. | |||
*QTc: QT interval corrected for heart rate by Bazett’s formula. LBBB: left bundle branch block. RBBB: right bundle branch block. LAD: left axis deviation of –308 or more. PVB: either single or coupled premature ventricular beats. VT: either non-sustained or sustained ventricular tachycardia. | |||
<sup>a</sup>Coronary artery diseases: either premature coronary atherosclerosis or congenital coronary anomalies. | |||
<sup>b</sup>Abnormal Q waves | |||