Difficult QT: Difference between revisions

From ECGpedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
 
(7 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 14: Line 14:
===General considerations===
===General considerations===
* The QT interval should be measured in lead II, because the influence of a possible U-wave are smallest in this lead. If lead II is cannot be used for measurements, than leads V4 or V5 can be used alternatively.
* The QT interval should be measured in lead II, because the influence of a possible U-wave are smallest in this lead. If lead II is cannot be used for measurements, than leads V4 or V5 can be used alternatively.
* Draw a line through the baseline. This is the horizontal line between the P wave and QRS complex. If PTa depression is present, the T - P segment is used alternatively. If there is baseline drifting, it can be difficult to determine the proper baseline and measurements will be less accurate.  
* Draw a line through the baseline. This is the horizontal line between the P wave and QRS complex. If [[PTa segment]] depression is present, the T - P segment is used alternatively. If there is baseline drifting, it can be difficult to determine the proper baseline and measurements will be less accurate.  
* Draw a tangent against the steepest part of the end of the T wave. If the T wave has two humps (as in a camel back), the tallest hump should be picked. If the T wave has a positive and negative hump (or the other way around), the hump with the largest amplitude should be picked (see third example, the first hump has the largest amplitude and should be picked to draw the tangent).  
* Draw a tangent against the steepest part of the end of the T wave. If the T wave has two humps (as in a camel back), the tallest hump should be picked. If the T wave has a positive and negative hump (or the other way around), the hump with the largest amplitude should be picked (see third example, the first hump has the largest amplitude and should be picked to draw the tangent).  
* The QT interval starts at the beginning of the QRS complex: the beginning of the first deflection (either positive of negative) of the QRS complex.
* The QT interval starts at the beginning of the QRS complex: the beginning of the first deflection (either positive of negative) of the QRS complex.
* The QT interval ends where the tangent and the baseline cross.
* The QT interval ends where the tangent and the baseline cross.
* The QT interval is the time in milliseconds between the start and end of the QT interval.
* The QT interval is the time in milliseconds between the start and end of the QT interval.
* If the QRS interval exceeds 120 millisseconds, than some specialists advice to deduct the amount of milliseconds that exceeds 120  
* If the QRS interval exceeds 120 milliseconds, than some specialists advice to deduct the amount of milliseconds that exceed 120 ms from the QT interval (i.e. if QRS is 140 ms and QT is 480, then 20ms (i.e. 140 - 120ms) should be deducted from the QT interval, yielding 460ms).


===Het corrigeren van de QT-tijd voor de hartfrequentie.===
* De QT-tijd wordt vaak gecorrigeerd voor de hartfrequentie omdat bij een hogere hartfrequentie de QT-tijd korter moet worden, dit heet de QTc-tijd (corrected QT time)
* Wanneer je zo precies mogelijk de QT-tijd wilt vaststellen gebruik je Bazett's formule: [[Image:Formule QTc.png]], waarbij het RR interval in seconden (!) wordt gegeven. Daarbij gebruik je de QT tijd van een complex samen met het RR interval van dat complex en het ''voorafgaande'' complex.
* Bovendien gebruik je het liefst het gemiddelde van drie gecorrigeerde QT tijden.
* Bereken hier de QTc:<flash>file=QTc.swf|width=200|height=135|quality=best|align=right|bgcolor=#FFF5F5</flash>
{{clr}}
{{clr}}


===Voorbeelden===
===QTc is the heart rate corrected QT interval===
[[Image:lastigeQT1.png|thumb| De T-top is hier breed, maar de raaklijn raakt al eerder de basislijn. De QT tijd is daardoor korter.]]
<flash>file=QTc.swf|width=300|height=200|quality=best|align=right|salign=R||bgcolor=#FFF5F5</flash>
[[Image:lastigeQT2.png|thumb| Het signaal keert na het einde van de T-top niet terug naar de basislijn. Toch moet de QT tijd gemeten worden waar de raaklijn de basislijn ontmoet.]]
* The QT interval should be corrected for the heart rate, as the QT interval shortens with increasing heartrate.
[[Image:lastigeQT3.png|thumb| De T-top is bifasisch. De raaklijn aan uitslag met de maximale amplitude wordt gebruikt. Dit kan per afleiding verschillen.]]
* Bazetts formula: [[Image:Formule QTc.png]], can be used to calculate the QTc: the heart rate corrected QT. When entering the formula the RR interval should be entered in seconds. The preceding RR interval should be used. You can also use this [[QTc calculator]]
 
* Preferably one uses the average of several QTc measurements
{{clr}}
{{clr}}


==Referenties==
===Examples===
[[Image:lastigeQT1.png|thumb| The T wave is broad, but the tangent crosses the baseline before the T wave joins the baseline. The QT interval would be overestimated when this last definition of the end of the T wave would be used.]]
[[Image:lastigeQT2.png|thumb| The ECG does not meet the baseline after the end of the T wave. Still, the crossing of the tangent and baseline should be used for measurements.]]
[[Image:lastigeQT3.png|thumb| A bifasic T wave. The tangent to the 'hump' with the largest amplitude is chosen. This can change from beat to beat, making it more important to average several measurements.]]
==References==
<biblio>
<biblio>
#Lepeschkin pmid=14954534
#Lepeschkin pmid=14954534
</biblio>
</biblio>
<analytics uacct="UA-807577-6"></analytics>

Latest revision as of 21:57, 9 December 2007

Author(s) P.G. Postema, MD
Moderator P.G. Postema, MD
Supervisor
some notes about authorship
Dr Surawicz, is one of the inventors of the tangent mehod[1]. This picture was taken in November 2006, when he was 89 years old and still active.

The ST segment can present itself in many variants and sometimes this makes it difficult to determine the end of the QT interval. Here you will find some examples of 'difficult' QT segments and how the measure them.

Some controversy exists among cardiologists about when the end of the T wave. Lepeschkin was the first to describe the tangent method that is described in this chapter, and which is addored by most QT specialists.[1] Others allways measure the end of the T wave where it rejoins the baseline, which will often result in longer QT intervals.

General considerations

  • The QT interval should be measured in lead II, because the influence of a possible U-wave are smallest in this lead. If lead II is cannot be used for measurements, than leads V4 or V5 can be used alternatively.
  • Draw a line through the baseline. This is the horizontal line between the P wave and QRS complex. If PTa segment depression is present, the T - P segment is used alternatively. If there is baseline drifting, it can be difficult to determine the proper baseline and measurements will be less accurate.
  • Draw a tangent against the steepest part of the end of the T wave. If the T wave has two humps (as in a camel back), the tallest hump should be picked. If the T wave has a positive and negative hump (or the other way around), the hump with the largest amplitude should be picked (see third example, the first hump has the largest amplitude and should be picked to draw the tangent).
  • The QT interval starts at the beginning of the QRS complex: the beginning of the first deflection (either positive of negative) of the QRS complex.
  • The QT interval ends where the tangent and the baseline cross.
  • The QT interval is the time in milliseconds between the start and end of the QT interval.
  • If the QRS interval exceeds 120 milliseconds, than some specialists advice to deduct the amount of milliseconds that exceed 120 ms from the QT interval (i.e. if QRS is 140 ms and QT is 480, then 20ms (i.e. 140 - 120ms) should be deducted from the QT interval, yielding 460ms).


QTc is the heart rate corrected QT interval

<flash>file=QTc.swf|width=300|height=200|quality=best|align=right|salign=R||bgcolor=#FFF5F5</flash>

  • The QT interval should be corrected for the heart rate, as the QT interval shortens with increasing heartrate.
  • Bazetts formula: Formule QTc.png, can be used to calculate the QTc: the heart rate corrected QT. When entering the formula the RR interval should be entered in seconds. The preceding RR interval should be used. You can also use this QTc calculator
  • Preferably one uses the average of several QTc measurements


Examples

The T wave is broad, but the tangent crosses the baseline before the T wave joins the baseline. The QT interval would be overestimated when this last definition of the end of the T wave would be used.
The ECG does not meet the baseline after the end of the T wave. Still, the crossing of the tangent and baseline should be used for measurements.
A bifasic T wave. The tangent to the 'hump' with the largest amplitude is chosen. This can change from beat to beat, making it more important to average several measurements.

References

  1. LEPESCHKIN E and SURAWICZ B. The measurement of the Q-T interval of the electrocardiogram. Circulation. 1952 Sep;6(3):378-88. DOI:10.1161/01.cir.6.3.378 | PubMed ID:14954534 | HubMed [Lepeschkin]