Brugada Syndrome: Difference between revisions

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{{authors|
{{authors|
|mainauthor= [[user:Pgpostema|P.G. Postema, MD]]
|mainauthor= [[user:Pgpostema|P.G. Postema, MD]]
|advisor=
|supervisor=
|coauthor= [[user:Drj|J.S.S.G. de Jong, MD]]
|coauthor= [[user:Drj|J.S.S.G. de Jong, MD]]
|moderator= [[user:Pgpostema|P.G. Postema, MD]]
|moderator= [[user:Pgpostema|P.G. Postema, MD]]
|editor=  
|editor=  
}}
}}
[[Image:brugada.jpg|thumb| Dr. Pedro Brugada. Pedro and Josep Brugada described in 1992 a landmark publication with a case-series of 8 patients with sudden cardiac death. <cite>Brugada</cite> Currently four members of the Brugada family conduct research after the syndrome that has been named after them.]]
[[Image:Brugada.png|thumb|Typical ECG abnormalities in Brugada syndrome: ST elevation in V1-V3, without ischemia.]]
[[Image:Brugada.png|thumb|Typical ECG abnormalities in Brugada syndrome: ST elevation in V1-V3, without ischemia.]]
[[Image:Brugada_ecg_characteristics.svg|thumb| Typical ECG abnormalities in Brugada syndrome]]
[[Image:brugada.jpg|thumb| Dr. Pedro Brugada. Pedro and Josep Brugada described in 1992 a landmark publication with a case-series of 8 patients with sudden cardiac death. <cite>Brugada</cite> Currently, three brothers of the Brugada family (Pedro, Josep and Ramon Brugada) conduct research in the syndrome that has been named after them.]]
[[Image:scn5a.jpg|thumb| The SCN5a gen is located on the short arm (p) of chromosome 3]]
[[Image:scn5a.jpg|thumb| The SCN5a gen is located on the short arm (p) of chromosome 3]]




The '''Brugada syndrome is an hereditary disease that is associated with higher risk of sudden cardiac death'''. It is characterized by typical ECG abnormalities: '''ST segment elevation in the precordial leads (V1 - V3)'''.
The '''Brugada syndrome is an hereditary disease that is associated with high risk of sudden cardiac death'''. It is characterized by typical ECG abnormalities: '''ST segment elevation in the precordial leads (V1 - V3)'''.


==Characteristics of the Brugada syndrome:==
==Characteristics of the Brugada syndrome:==
*[[w:Autosomal_dominant|autosomal dominant]] inheritance. If one of both parents are affected, their children have a 50% chance of inheriting the disease.
*Inheritable arrhythmia syndrome with [[w:Autosomal_dominant|autosomal dominant]] inheritance. If one of the two parents is affected, each child (both males and females) has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease.
*Man are more often symptomatic than women, probably by the influence of sex hormones on cardiac arrhythmias.  
*Males are more often symptomatic than females, probably by the influence of sex hormones on cardiac arrhythmias and/or ion channels, and a different distribution of ion channels across the heart in males versus females.
*The arrhythmias usually occur between 30 and 40 years of age. (range 1-77 yrs) and often during rest or while sleeping.
*The arrhythmias usually occur in patients between 30 and 40 years of age. (range 1-77 yrs) and often during rest or while sleeping (high vagal tone).
*Only in about 30% of patients, genetic defects can be detected in the ([http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene=scn5a SCN5A]) gen. In the other patients the disease is probably multi-genetic or caused by yet unknown genetic defects.
*In only about 30% of patients, genetic defects can be detected in the ([http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene=scn5a SCN5A]) gene which encodes the cardiac sodium channel (loss-of-function mutation). In much smaller quantities, mutations may be found in the GPD1L gene (which probably influences cardiac sodium channel function) or in cardiac calcium channel encoding genes (CACNxxx). In the remaining patients, the disease is probably multi-genetic or caused by yet unknown genetic defects.
*The right ventricular outflow tract (right before the pulmonary valve) is most affected in the Brugada syndrome.  
*The right ventricle is most affected in Brugada syndrome, and particularly (but not specifically) the right ventricular outflow tract .  
*The prevalence varies between 5-50:10.000, largely depending on geographic location. In some south-east Asian countries the disease is endemic and sometimes considered the second cause of death amongst young men (after car accidents). There it is called 'Sudden Unexpected Death Syndrome' (SUDS). In different Asian countries, different names have been given to the syndrome: in the Phillipines it is called ''bangungut'' (to rise and moan in sleep) and in Thailand ''lai tai'' (death during sleep)
*The prevalence varies between 5-50:10.000, largely depending on geographic location. In some southeast Asian countries the disease is considered endemic and believed to be the second cause of death among young men (after car accidents). In these countries Brugada syndrome is believed to underly (in part) the 'Sudden Unexpected Death Syndrome' (SUDS). This relation has, however, not been thoroughly investigated and there are almost no epidemiological studies into Brugada syndrome ECGs (apart from Japan). In different Asian countries, different names have been given to SUDS: in the Phillipines it is called ''bangungut'' (to rise and moan in sleep) and in Thailand ''lai tai'' (death during sleep).


The Brugada brothers were the first to describe the characteristic ECG findings and link them to sudden death. Before that, the characteristic ECG findings, were often mistaken for a [[Right_Ventricle_MI|right ventricle myocardial infarction]] and already in 1953, a publication mentions that the ECG findings were not associated with ischemia as people often expected.<cite>osher</cite>
The Brugada brothers were the first to describe the characteristic ECG findings and link them to sudden death. Before that, the characteristic ECG findings, were often mistaken for a [[Right_Ventricle_MI|right ventricle myocardial infarction]] and already in 1953, a publication mentions that the ECG findings were not associated with ischemia as people often expected.<cite>osher</cite>


==Diagnosis and treatment==
==Diagnosis and treatment==
*Patients who are symptomatic (syncope, ventricular tachycardias or survivors of sudden cardiac death) have a mortality risk of up to 10% per year. In these patients an [[:w:nl:Internal_Cardiac_Defibrillator|ICD]] should be implanted.  
 
*Some groups advice an electrofysiologic investigation for risk assessment in Brugada patients,<cite>brug2</cite><cite>brug3</cite> but others could not reproduce the predicive value of these tests,<cite>priori</cite><cite>eckhardt</cite> so this is still controversial.
*Patients who are symptomatic (unexplained syncopes, ventricular tachycardias or aborted sudden cardiac death) may have a symptom recurrence risk of 2 to 10% per year. In these patients an [[:w:nl:Internal_Cardiac_Defibrillator|ICD]] implant is advisable. Further, life-style advice is given (see below).
*In large studies familiar sudden death is not a risk factor for sudden death in siblings.
*Some groups advise an electrophysiological investigation (inducibility of ventricular fibrillation) for risk assessment in Brugada patients,<cite>brug2</cite><cite>brug3</cite> but others could not reproduce the predictive value of these tests,<cite>priori</cite><cite>eckhardt</cite> so the value of inducibility is controversial.
*In asymptomatic patients in whom the Brugada ECG characteristics are present either spontaneously or provoked by fever or sodium channel blockers (ajmaline, flecainide) life style advices are given, which include:
*In large studies familial sudden death did not appear to be a risk factor for sudden death in siblings.
**A number of medications should not be taken (amongst others beta-blockers, and sodium channel blockers such as certain anti-depressants and anti-arrhythmics)
*In asymptomatic patients in whom the Brugada ECG characteristics are present (either spontaneously or provoked by fever or sodium channel blockers like ajmaline, procainimde or flecainide) life style advice is given. This advice includes:
**Rigorous treatment of fever with paracetamol / Tylenol
**A number of medications should not be taken (including sodium channel blockers and certain anti-depressants and anti-arrhythmics, see [http://www.brugadadrugs.org www.BrugadaDrugs.org])
**Rigorous treatment of fever with paracetamol/Tylenol, as fever may elicit a Brugada ECG and arrhythmias in some patients.
* Spontaneous Type I ECGs do appear to be more prevalent in patients who experienced symptoms.


For a full list of the diagnostic criteria, see <cite>Wilde</cite>
For a full list of the diagnostic criteria, see <cite>Wilde</cite>


==Electrocardiographic criteria==
==Electrocardiographic criteria==
[[Image:Brugada_lead_placement.png|thumb|Changed lead positions of leads V3 and V5 to increase the sensitiviy to 'catch' a Brugada pattern on the ECG]]
Three ECG repolarization patterns in the right precordial leads are recognized in the diagnosis of Brugada syndrome.
Three ECG repolarization patterns in the right precordial leads are recognized in the diagnosis of Brugada syndrome.


'''Type I''' is the only ECG criterium that is diagnostic of Brugada syndrome. Type I repolarization is characterized by a coved ST-segment elevation >=2 mm (0.2 mV) followed by a negative T wave (see figure). Brugada syndrome is definitively diagnosed when a type 1 ST-segment elevation is observed in >1 right precordial lead (V1 to V3) in the presence or absence of a sodium channel–blocking agent, and in conjunction with one of the following:  
'''Type I''' is the only ECG criterion that is diagnostic of Brugada syndrome. The type I ECG is characterized by a J elevation >=2 mm (0.2 mV) a coved type ST segment followed by a negative T wave (see figure). Brugada syndrome is definitively diagnosed when a type 1 ST-segment is observed in >1 right precordial lead (V1 to V3) in the presence or absence of a sodium channel–blocking agent, and in conjunction with one of the following:  
*documented ventricular fibrillation (VF)
*documented ventricular fibrillation (VF)
*polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT)
*polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT)
Line 44: Line 48:
*syncope
*syncope
*nocturnal agonal respiration.
*nocturnal agonal respiration.
The sensitivity of the ECG for Brugada syndrome can be increased with placement of ECG leads in the intercostal space above V1 and V2 (V1ic3 and V2ic3)


Electrocardiograms of Brugada patients can change over time from type I to type II ECGs and back.
Electrocardiograms of Brugada patients can change over time from type I to type II and/or normal ECGs and back.
A type III ECG is rather common and is concidered a normal variant.
A type III ECG is rather common and is considered a normal variant, but also the Type II is a normal variant (albeit suggestive of Brugada syndrome).
 
A recent study suggests that''' fractionation of the QRS complex''' is a marker of a worse prognosis in Brugada syndrome.<cite>Morita</cite>


{| class="wikitable" font-size="90%"
{| class="wikitable" font-size="90%"
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|-
|-
!T wave
!T wave
|negative
|Negative
|positive or biphasis
|Positive or biphasis
|positive
|Positive
|-
|-
!ST-T configuration
!ST-T configuration
|coved type
|Coved type
|saddleback
|Saddleback
|saddleback
|Saddleback
|-
|-
!ST segment (terminal portion)
!ST segment (terminal portion)
|gradually descending
|Gradually descending
|elevated >= 1mm
|Elevated >= 1mm
|elevated < 1mm
|Elevated < 1mm
|-
|-
|}
|}
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Image:Brugada_syndrome_type1_example4.png
Image:Brugada_syndrome_type1_example4.png
Image:Brugada_syndrome_type1_example5.png
Image:Brugada_syndrome_type1_example5.png
Image:Brugada_syndrome_type1_example6.jpg|Brugada ECG during ajmaline testing
</gallery>
</gallery>
<gallery caption="Examples of Brugada syndrome type II">
<gallery caption="Examples of Brugada syndrome type II">
Image:Brugada_syndrome_type2_example1.png
Image:Brugada_syndrome_type2_example1.png
Image:Brugada_syndrome_type2_example2.jpg
</gallery>
</gallery>


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*[http://www.brugada.org Brugada.org ]
*[http://www.brugada.org Brugada.org ]
*[http://www.genereviews.org/servlet/access?id=8888891&key=ghdBRjkdNXE6y&gry=INSERTGRY&fcn=y&fw=E0gK&filename=/profiles/brugada/index.html Genereview Brugada]
*[http://www.genereviews.org/servlet/access?id=8888891&key=ghdBRjkdNXE6y&gry=INSERTGRY&fcn=y&fw=E0gK&filename=/profiles/brugada/index.html Genereview Brugada]
 
*[http://www.brugadadrugs.org Brugada drugs contains lists of medications that should be avoided in patients with Brugada syndrome and medication that can be used to diagnose the syndrome]
==Referenties==
==References==
<biblio>
<biblio>
#Wilde pmid=15898165
#Wilde pmid=15898165
Line 104: Line 113:
#brug3 pmid=12776858
#brug3 pmid=12776858
#priori pmid=11901046
#priori pmid=11901046
#Wilde2 pmid=12417552
#Morita pmid=18838563
#eckhardt pmid=15642768
#eckhardt pmid=15642768
#Wilde2 pmid=12417552
</biblio>
</biblio>

Latest revision as of 05:54, 22 May 2013

Author(s) P.G. Postema, MD
Moderator P.G. Postema, MD
Supervisor
some notes about authorship
Typical ECG abnormalities in Brugada syndrome: ST elevation in V1-V3, without ischemia.
Typical ECG abnormalities in Brugada syndrome
Dr. Pedro Brugada. Pedro and Josep Brugada described in 1992 a landmark publication with a case-series of 8 patients with sudden cardiac death. [1] Currently, three brothers of the Brugada family (Pedro, Josep and Ramon Brugada) conduct research in the syndrome that has been named after them.
The SCN5a gen is located on the short arm (p) of chromosome 3


The Brugada syndrome is an hereditary disease that is associated with high risk of sudden cardiac death. It is characterized by typical ECG abnormalities: ST segment elevation in the precordial leads (V1 - V3).

Characteristics of the Brugada syndrome:

  • Inheritable arrhythmia syndrome with autosomal dominant inheritance. If one of the two parents is affected, each child (both males and females) has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease.
  • Males are more often symptomatic than females, probably by the influence of sex hormones on cardiac arrhythmias and/or ion channels, and a different distribution of ion channels across the heart in males versus females.
  • The arrhythmias usually occur in patients between 30 and 40 years of age. (range 1-77 yrs) and often during rest or while sleeping (high vagal tone).
  • In only about 30% of patients, genetic defects can be detected in the (SCN5A) gene which encodes the cardiac sodium channel (loss-of-function mutation). In much smaller quantities, mutations may be found in the GPD1L gene (which probably influences cardiac sodium channel function) or in cardiac calcium channel encoding genes (CACNxxx). In the remaining patients, the disease is probably multi-genetic or caused by yet unknown genetic defects.
  • The right ventricle is most affected in Brugada syndrome, and particularly (but not specifically) the right ventricular outflow tract .
  • The prevalence varies between 5-50:10.000, largely depending on geographic location. In some southeast Asian countries the disease is considered endemic and believed to be the second cause of death among young men (after car accidents). In these countries Brugada syndrome is believed to underly (in part) the 'Sudden Unexpected Death Syndrome' (SUDS). This relation has, however, not been thoroughly investigated and there are almost no epidemiological studies into Brugada syndrome ECGs (apart from Japan). In different Asian countries, different names have been given to SUDS: in the Phillipines it is called bangungut (to rise and moan in sleep) and in Thailand lai tai (death during sleep).

The Brugada brothers were the first to describe the characteristic ECG findings and link them to sudden death. Before that, the characteristic ECG findings, were often mistaken for a right ventricle myocardial infarction and already in 1953, a publication mentions that the ECG findings were not associated with ischemia as people often expected.[2]

Diagnosis and treatment

  • Patients who are symptomatic (unexplained syncopes, ventricular tachycardias or aborted sudden cardiac death) may have a symptom recurrence risk of 2 to 10% per year. In these patients an ICD implant is advisable. Further, life-style advice is given (see below).
  • Some groups advise an electrophysiological investigation (inducibility of ventricular fibrillation) for risk assessment in Brugada patients,[3][4] but others could not reproduce the predictive value of these tests,[5][6] so the value of inducibility is controversial.
  • In large studies familial sudden death did not appear to be a risk factor for sudden death in siblings.
  • In asymptomatic patients in whom the Brugada ECG characteristics are present (either spontaneously or provoked by fever or sodium channel blockers like ajmaline, procainimde or flecainide) life style advice is given. This advice includes:
    • A number of medications should not be taken (including sodium channel blockers and certain anti-depressants and anti-arrhythmics, see www.BrugadaDrugs.org)
    • Rigorous treatment of fever with paracetamol/Tylenol, as fever may elicit a Brugada ECG and arrhythmias in some patients.
  • Spontaneous Type I ECGs do appear to be more prevalent in patients who experienced symptoms.

For a full list of the diagnostic criteria, see [7]

Electrocardiographic criteria

Changed lead positions of leads V3 and V5 to increase the sensitiviy to 'catch' a Brugada pattern on the ECG

Three ECG repolarization patterns in the right precordial leads are recognized in the diagnosis of Brugada syndrome.

Type I is the only ECG criterion that is diagnostic of Brugada syndrome. The type I ECG is characterized by a J elevation >=2 mm (0.2 mV) a coved type ST segment followed by a negative T wave (see figure). Brugada syndrome is definitively diagnosed when a type 1 ST-segment is observed in >1 right precordial lead (V1 to V3) in the presence or absence of a sodium channel–blocking agent, and in conjunction with one of the following:

  • documented ventricular fibrillation (VF)
  • polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT)
  • a family history of sudden cardiac death at <45 years old
  • coved-type ECGs in family members
  • inducibility of VT with programmed electrical stimulation
  • syncope
  • nocturnal agonal respiration.

The sensitivity of the ECG for Brugada syndrome can be increased with placement of ECG leads in the intercostal space above V1 and V2 (V1ic3 and V2ic3)

Electrocardiograms of Brugada patients can change over time from type I to type II and/or normal ECGs and back. A type III ECG is rather common and is considered a normal variant, but also the Type II is a normal variant (albeit suggestive of Brugada syndrome).

A recent study suggests that fractionation of the QRS complex is a marker of a worse prognosis in Brugada syndrome.[8]

ST segment abnormalities in the different types of Brugada syndrome[9]
Type I Type II Type III
J wave amplitude >= 2mm >= 2mm >= 2mm
T wave Negative Positive or biphasis Positive
ST-T configuration Coved type Saddleback Saddleback
ST segment (terminal portion) Gradually descending Elevated >= 1mm Elevated < 1mm


External links

References

  1. Brugada P and Brugada J. Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: a distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. A multicenter report. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 Nov 15;20(6):1391-6. DOI:10.1016/0735-1097(92)90253-j | PubMed ID:1309182 | HubMed [Brugada]
  2. OSHER HL and WOLFF L. Electrocardiographic pattern simulating acute myocardial injury. Am J Med Sci. 1953 Nov;226(5):541-5. PubMed ID:13104407 | HubMed [osher]
  3. Brugada J, Brugada R, Antzelevitch C, Towbin J, Nademanee K, and Brugada P. Long-term follow-up of individuals with the electrocardiographic pattern of right bundle-branch block and ST-segment elevation in precordial leads V1 to V3. Circulation. 2002 Jan 1;105(1):73-8. DOI:10.1161/hc0102.101354 | PubMed ID:11772879 | HubMed [brug2]
  4. Brugada P, Brugada R, Mont L, Rivero M, Geelen P, and Brugada J. Natural history of Brugada syndrome: the prognostic value of programmed electrical stimulation of the heart. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2003 May;14(5):455-7. DOI:10.1046/j.1540-8167.2003.02517.x | PubMed ID:12776858 | HubMed [brug3]
  5. Priori SG, Napolitano C, Gasparini M, Pappone C, Della Bella P, Giordano U, Bloise R, Giustetto C, De Nardis R, Grillo M, Ronchetti E, Faggiano G, and Nastoli J. Natural history of Brugada syndrome: insights for risk stratification and management. Circulation. 2002 Mar 19;105(11):1342-7. DOI:10.1161/hc1102.105288 | PubMed ID:11901046 | HubMed [priori]
  6. Eckardt L, Probst V, Smits JP, Bahr ES, Wolpert C, Schimpf R, Wichter T, Boisseau P, Heinecke A, Breithardt G, Borggrefe M, LeMarec H, Böcker D, and Wilde AA. Long-term prognosis of individuals with right precordial ST-segment-elevation Brugada syndrome. Circulation. 2005 Jan 25;111(3):257-63. DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.0000153267.21278.8D | PubMed ID:15642768 | HubMed [eckhardt]
  7. Antzelevitch C, Brugada P, Borggrefe M, Brugada J, Brugada R, Corrado D, Gussak I, LeMarec H, Nademanee K, Perez Riera AR, Shimizu W, Schulze-Bahr E, Tan H, and Wilde A. Brugada syndrome: report of the second consensus conference. Heart Rhythm. 2005 Apr;2(4):429-40. DOI:10.1016/j.hrthm.2005.01.005 | PubMed ID:15898165 | HubMed [Wilde]
  8. Morita H, Kusano KF, Miura D, Nagase S, Nakamura K, Morita ST, Ohe T, Zipes DP, and Wu J. Fragmented QRS as a marker of conduction abnormality and a predictor of prognosis of Brugada syndrome. Circulation. 2008 Oct 21;118(17):1697-704. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.770917 | PubMed ID:18838563 | HubMed [Morita]
  9. Wilde AA, Antzelevitch C, Borggrefe M, Brugada J, Brugada R, Brugada P, Corrado D, Hauer RN, Kass RS, Nademanee K, Priori SG, Towbin JA, and Study Group on the Molecular Basis of Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology. Proposed diagnostic criteria for the Brugada syndrome: consensus report. Circulation. 2002 Nov 5;106(19):2514-9. DOI:10.1161/01.cir.0000034169.45752.4a | PubMed ID:12417552 | HubMed [Wilde2]

All Medline abstracts: PubMed | HubMed