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* A fast rhythm disturbance, causing a disbalance in supply and demand of energy. | * A fast rhythm disturbance, causing a disbalance in supply and demand of energy. | ||
A short period of ischemia causes ''reversibele'' effects: The heartcells will be able to recover. When the ep[isode of ischemia lasts for a longer period of time, heartmuscle cells will die. This is called a ''' | A short period of ischemia causes ''reversibele'' effects: The heartcells will be able to recover. When the ep[isode of ischemia lasts for a longer period of time, heartmuscle cells will die. This is called a '''heart attack''' or '''myocardial infarction'''. That is why it is critical to recognize ischemia on the ECG in an early stage. | ||
Severe ischemia will reuslts in ECG changes within minutes. While the ischemia lasts, sverela ECG changes will occur and disappear again. Therefore, it can be difficut to estimate the duration of the ischemia on the ECG, which is crucial for adequate treatment. | Severe ischemia will reuslts in ECG changes within minutes. While the ischemia lasts, sverela ECG changes will occur and disappear again. Therefore, it can be difficut to estimate the duration of the ischemia on the ECG, which is crucial for adequate treatment. | ||
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==Development of the ECG during persistent ischemia== | ==Development of the ECG during persistent ischemia== | ||
[[Image:AMI_evolutie.png|thumb| | [[Image:AMI_evolutie.png|thumb| The evolution of an infarct on the ECG. ST elevation, Q wave formation, T wave inversion, normalisation with a persistent Q wave]] | ||
[[Image:PathoQ.png|thumb| | [[Image:PathoQ.png|thumb| A [[pathological Q wave|pathological Q wave]]]] | ||
The cardiomyocytes in the ''subendocardial'' layers are especcially vulnerable for a decreased perfusion. Subendocardial ischemia manifests as ST depression and is usually reversible. In a myocardial infarction ''transmural ischemia'' develops. | |||
In | In the first hours and days after the onset of a myocardial infarction, several changes can be observed on the ECG. First, '''large peaked T waves''' (or ''hyperacute'' T waves), then '''ST elevation''', then'''negative T waves''' and finally '''[[pathological Q waves]]''' develop. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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==The location of the infarct== | ==The location of the infarct== | ||
[[Image:coronary_anatomy.png|thumb| An overview of the coronary arteries. LM = 'Left Main' = mainstem; LAD = 'Left Anterior Descending' artery; RCX = Ramus Circumflexus; RCA = 'Right Coronary Artery'.]] | [[Image:coronary_anatomy.png|thumb| An overview of the coronary arteries. LM = 'Left Main' = mainstem; LAD = 'Left Anterior Descending' artery; RCX = Ramus Circumflexus; RCA = 'Right Coronary Artery'.]] | ||
[[Image:lead_overview.png|thumb|Overview of the seperate ECG leads. The lead with ST elevation 'highlights' the infarct. An | [[Image:lead_overview.png|thumb|Overview of the seperate ECG leads. The lead with ST elevation 'highlights' the infarct. An infarction of the inferior wall will result in ST elevation in leads II, III and AVF. A lateral wall infarct results in ST elevation in leads I and AVL. An Anterior wall infarct results in ST-elevation in the precordial leads.]] | ||
[[Image:stroomgebieden.png|thumb| The Left Anterior Descending (LAD) coronary artery is the most important coronary artery. On this mercatorprojection of the heart, the darkblue area is supplied by blood by the LAD.]] | [[Image:stroomgebieden.png|thumb| The Left Anterior Descending (LAD) coronary artery is the most important coronary artery. On this mercatorprojection of the heart, the darkblue area is supplied by blood by the LAD.]] | ||
The heartmuscle itself can is very limited in its capacity to extract oxygen in the blood that is being pumped. Only the inner layers (the endocardium) profit from this oxygenrich blood. The outer layers of the heart (the epicardium) are dependent on the coronary arteries for the supply pf oxygen and nutrients. Met behulp van het ECG is te zien welk kransslagvat is afgesloten. Dit is van belang omdat de gevolgen van bijvoorbeeld een voorwandinfarct en een onderwandinfarct verschillen: de '''voorwand''' levert de belangrijkste bijdrage aan de pompfunctie en uitval zal dus lijden tot een bloeddrukdaling en hartslagversnelling en op de lange termijn tot hartfalen. Een '''onderwandinfarct''' gaat vaak gepaard met een polsvertraging doordat de sinusknooparterie te weinig doorbloed wordt, op de lange termijn is het effect op de conditie minder groot omdat de bijdrage van de onderwand aan de pompfunctie minder is. | |||
Het hart wordt door de rechter en linker coronair vaten voorzien van zuurstof en nutrienten. Het linker coronairvat (de '''hoofdstam''' of LM, left main) splits zich in de '''left anterior descending''' artery (LAD) en de '''ramus circumflexus''' (RCX). De '''rechter coronair arterie''' (RCA) voedt de ramus descendens posterior (RDP). Bij 20% van de bevolking wordt de ramus descendens posterior door de arteria circumflexa wordt gevoed. Dit noemt men een links dominant hart. | Het hart wordt door de rechter en linker coronair vaten voorzien van zuurstof en nutrienten. Het linker coronairvat (de '''hoofdstam''' of LM, left main) splits zich in de '''left anterior descending''' artery (LAD) en de '''ramus circumflexus''' (RCX). De '''rechter coronair arterie''' (RCA) voedt de ramus descendens posterior (RDP). Bij 20% van de bevolking wordt de ramus descendens posterior door de arteria circumflexa wordt gevoed. Dit noemt men een links dominant hart. |