Atrial Premature Complexes

This is part of: Supraventricular Rhythms

Premature atrial complexes origin from an ectopic pacing region in the atria. They are an example of ectopic beats. The result is a p-wave with often a different morphology from the preceding ones.

A premature atrial complex (PAC). (In this example the atrial p-wave is difficult to discern).

A premature atrial complex (PAC) with evident negative p-wave

This ladder diagram shows the three possible faits of an atrial premature complex. First two normal sinus beats are shown. The first atrial extrasystole is conducted normally. The second atrial extrasystole follows the previous sinus beat a bit earlier and is conducted with RBBB aberration. The third atrial extrasystole is still a bit earlier after the previous sinus beat and is blocked in the AV node and therefore not-conducted, resulting in a P wave, but no QRS complex, followed by a noncompensatory pause.

If a premature atrial complex follows early after a previous sinus beat some of the the conducting tissues below may not conduct. A premature atral complex can therefore have different fates (see figure):

Normally conducted
Conducted with aberrancy. Mostly right bundle branch block aberrancy as the RBBB has a longer refractory period.
Non-conducted. If the premature beat is very early, the AV node is refractory (cannot conduct) and the beat is not followed by a QRS complex. A non-conducted premature atrial beat is often confused with type II second degree AV block where a normal sinus beat is not followed by a QRS complex.

A premature atrial complex is usually followed by a noncompensatory pause caused by the fact that atrial depolarization enters the sinus node and resets the sinus rhythm.

Premature atrial complexes are common and usually benign. Frequent atrial ectopic beats (>100 / 24hrs) in a population of patients presented to a cardiovascular hospital is associated with an increased chance of developing atrial fibrillation (up to 20%) [1]

See also:

References

Suzuki S, Sagara K, Otsuka T, Kano H, Matsuno S, Takai H, Uejima T, Oikawa Y, Koike A, Nagashima K, Kirigaya H, Yajima J, Tanabe H, Sawada H, Aizawa T, and Yamashita T. Usefulness of frequent supraventricular extrasystoles and a high CHADS2 score to predict first-time appearance of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2013 Jun 1;111(11):1602-7. DOI:10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.01.335 | PubMed ID:23499279 | HubMed [AES]