Atrial Flutter

Atrial flutter

Atrial flutter
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Atrial rate	250-350 bpm
Ventricular rate	75-150bpm (3:1 of 2:1 block)
Regularity	regular (sometimes changing block)
Origin	atrial (SVT)
P-wave	negative sawtooth in lead II
Effect of adenosine	temporary reduced AV conduction (eg 4:1)
Example ECG: The arrows mark the flutter waves. This is an example of an alternating 2:1 and 3:1 block.
Example ECG2: Atrial flutter with 2:1 conduction.

During atrial flutter the atria depolarize in an organized circular movement. This is caused by re-entry. The atria contract typically at around 300 bpm, which results in a fast sequence of p-waves in a sawtooth pattern on the ECG. For most AV-nodes this is way to fast to be able to conduct the signal to the ventricles, so typically there is a 2:1, 3:1 or 4:1 block, resulting in a ventricular frequency of 150, 100 or 75 bpm respectively. Often the grade of block changes every couple of beats, resulting in e.g. 2:1, or 3:1 blocks and a somewhat irregular ventricular heart rate. The saw-tooth is especially prominent in lead II, this lead normally shows constant electrical activity: it is never horizontal. Causes and risk of atrial flutter are comparable to atrial fibrillation.